Health and safety

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Introduction

According to Bohle and Quinlan (1xii), the cost of workplace injuries and disease is in excess of $0 billion dollars per year. Obviously, these figures are alarming and would suggest that OHS would be a top priority for management. However, a survey from Queensland manufacturer revealed that many companies had no written policy regarding occupational health and safety? and? 48 percent have no formalized occupational health and safety program?.

A relatively high level of risks and hazards would occur in the restaurant industry comparing with other industries. People who work in the food industry would easily injury in hazards including gas, noise, fire, personal security and violence at work, biological hazards, sharps ? skin penetrating injuries and hazardous substances (chemicals). However, both restaurant employee and employer would avoid falling into the trap of the ?reactive approach?, which involves only responding to health and safety problems as they arise or after the accident has happened. They would have different kinds of excuses used for not being proactive about health and safety and include, ?we do not worry about safety as it?s common sense? or ?accidents are just bad luck? These excuses send the message that they are not really serious about OHS.

Baseline for the Workplace

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Nature of the workplace

China house is a Chinese restaurant that owned by a Hong Kong couple. This restaurant is located in the heart of the Surface Paradise. The restaurant open 7 days a week, from 11am to 11pm. The styles of food that the restaurant will provide are typically Chinese food. Such as fired rice, black bean chicken, dim sum, and etc. It approximately around 70 -10 customers per day, the amount of customers is depends whether it is a public holiday, weekday or weekend.

There are six part times stuff work in the Chinese restaurant. There are only two shifts per day, from 11 am to 5pm and 5pm to 11pm. And there are usually two people working in the morning shift (from 11am to 5pm) and three to four people working at night shift (from 5pm to 11pm). For the kitchen, there are three chief working inside, one is to make dim sum, and the other two are cooking chief. And they almost need to attend work everyday.

Organizational structure

Since a couple owns the restaurant, and it is a small family business as well, basically there is no manager or any senior staff at all. The women (one of the owner) will control the operational outside, and the other owner (the men) will look after the kitchen since he is a chief of himself.

Safety Responsibilities and Legislative Requirements

Ultimately management has the major responsibility for ensuring worker safety. Even the best legislation cannot force management to adopt safety measures, when there is ?blame the victim? approach. Simpson (16) argues that the tradition purpose of considering employees in accident causality was to assign blame. However, through training and education, Hopkins and Bohle (000501) argue a trend away from the ?blame the victims? towards considering work environments and systems.

The Work Health and Safety Act (WHSA) (15) point out the requirements and duties of both employers and employees. Within all workplaces (except mines), owners/managers and all employees have some level of responsibility for Health and Safety under this legislation (refer Part , ss. -6; WHSA).

Safety Information Systems

The management of China House Restaurant has carried out a series of OHS policies and procedures based on the government legislation. They have commitment and try to put more effort to improve OHS by establishing a management system that incorporates OHS into the production area. They keep on the day-to-day administration of health and safety in the workplace and raising the awareness of health and safety amongst their employees to provide a healthier and safer working environment. They would give on-the-job training and induction to employees. For example, they teach kitchen staff the detailed and standardized procedures for the use of deep fryers, with particular attention to the cleaning, filtering and removal of oil and grease. There are some visible safety signs and reminders to remind employees the awareness of OHS. Management would also consult their employee regarding some health and safety issues. However, the consultation time is limited due to the heavy workload of the restaurant. Candy, the owner of the restaurant reflected that it is very difficult to carry out a comprehensive OHS system with the restriction of time and capital. She said that they would try the best to create a safety and happy environment to their employees

Emergency Systems for Treatment and Evacuation

There is no emergency action plan for this Chinese restaurant. But there are fire exits located in the restaurant. However fire extinguishers for electrical, paper/wood are located in several areas of the store. (Complies with- AS 1841 1). The maintenance of all fire protection equipment is up to date (AS 1851 ). Also, there is a first aid kit located inside the restaurant. (Advisory Standard for First Aid, 1)

Analysis of Occupational Health and Safety Data

There is one information booklet record about any workplace accident/injuries. Since it is a very new Chinese restaurant, there is not yet any accident or injuries happen before. However, the owner of the restaurant instructed their entire stuff member that report to them as soon as possible if any incident happen.

Audit and Assessment of Workplace Safety

Interviews with the storeowner and a number of staff members, a ?walk through? was done to identify and assess any hazards in the workplace.

Hazard Identification and Characterization

There are number of hazard I had been identified during the walk through, the following table will going to identified the risk of the restaurant are below

Hazard Potential RiskStress High RiskBacteria (food prep & Storage) Moderate RiskSharp Moderate RiskNoise Low RiskElectrical Low RiskFire Low RiskKitchen item Low Risk

Stress

Customer service is the most important thing in every restaurant, no matter how unhappy and sad the staff are, they always need to keep their smile on their face, secondly, there workload will increased depends on the quality of the customers, and sometimes staff may not be enough, and once again, they need to keep smiling, no matter how tired and exhausted they are.

Bacteria (food prep & Storage)

Seafood must be stored in an organized places, however, during the walk through, I found out that their fish tank are not probably clean. Therefore their seafood will not last long once they put it into that tank. Secondly, the freezer where they stored frozen food is not probably organized as well (frozen food are just everywhere in that fridge).

Sharp

Sharp object such as knife has been lying around the cash register area, since fruit storage are around that area, and it is convince for the staff member to cut fruits in order to serve the customer, however, since it is a sharp object, incident can happen if sharp object do not handle carefully.

Exposure Assessment and Evaluation of Health Risks to Employees

All of the staff member will performed similar duty in the different shift, however, night shift can be more stress than the morning shift. Since there will be more customers compare with the morning shift, and especially if there is a public holiday. (Such as Chinese New Year). The health risk can be cut by sharp object if knife do not use and handle probably. (Refer to WHSA ACT s4)

Analysis and Evaluation of Existing Workplace Health Policies

Health and Safety Policy

The owner of the restaurant does not have a written health and safety policy. However they always remind their employees how the restaurant must be conducted in order to have a safe environment.Programs in place

Except the kitchen staff, most of the work force in China House is young casual workers; they have a much higher incidence than full-time permanent workers. They did recognized the importance of OHS, however, they did not recognize that they had trained to do this, as they did not interpret on-the-job training as proper training.

Yet, they still try to involve in the OHS issues. They would wear protective footwear in the workplace to reduce the risk of slips and falls on the wet floor. In order to reduce muscle fatigue, they would split loads when carrying numerous plates although it is time consuming.

Communication and reporting structures

The owner of the restaurant encourage his employees to give feedback all the time whenever there is a concerned or anything that need to be improved. The owner always uses verbal communication instead of written format of report. Also the owner always use verbal communication to tell their employees about their work performance and where need to be improve.

Recommendations and Action Plan

China house have a sound standard of health and safety, there are several issue that need to be concerned and improved in order to have a better health and safety environment. Recommendation will be made in regard that need the owner concerned. The recommendations are as follow

Improved storage- Storage area must be clean daily if possible, and need to store it efficiency. By doing the above, it?s easier for the chef to look for their food whenever the customer order, it will save a lot of time.

Signs- More signs need to be put up in the toilet area, such as hand washing signs and exit signs as well whenever there is a firebreak out. And instruction signs of fire extinguisher need to be put up as well.

Appoint a Workplace Health and Safety Representative- this would further improve workplace communication and information sharing in relation to health and safety issues within the restaurant.

Manual handing- They also need to provide practical materials that can be customized to suit the working environment. For example, they can enforce the policies on manual handling, including maximum weight to be lifted.

First Aid Kit- They should have a first aid kit in the kitchen instead of outside the dining area, if there anything accident /injury happen, people can get help as soon as they can if first aid kit is around.

Conclusion

A good health and safety management plan can lead to vary benefit to the business. Investing effort into OHS and a safe environment can give employees and customer?s confidence that their business is responsible. This helps create a higher degree of ownership and incentive, which lead to an overall improvement in productivity and customer service. Maintaining a safer and healthier workplace will also save the cost associated with work related injury or illness. Such costs result from production down time, injured employees working slower, and cost of replacing employees or overtime of existing employees. Every dollar invested in safety and prevention protects business profit.

However, many issues remain to be addressed and research and information regarding occupational health and safety in Australia at present insufficient, and needs to be improved for the benefit of all parties involved. Finally, it was shown that despite the time it has taken for action, there is possible hope for greater concern towards OHS issues in the future.

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MOTHER TERESA

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MOTHER TERESA Mother Teresa was a person that was admired and respected. She was a person that made an impact on your life and made people loot at the world with a different eye. Even though the world is full of good people, great humanitarians, people who donate billions of dollars, who raise their voices to make a difference, Mother Teresa stands out in the crowd, she was a very unique person. Agnes was born on August 7, 110 in Skopje in Macedonia and given the name of Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She was the youngest of three children born to Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu. Her family was deeply religious Roman Catholics. Agnes learned about charity from her mother and father who never turned away from those in need whether seeking food, shelter, clothing or even money. Her father was a popular merchant and a partner to an Italian merchant and her mother was a housewife. Her father owned several houses and was a member of the Skopje council. He was heavily involved in politics and it is said that his death was due to his activity in politics. In 118 people believed that his enemies poisoned her father. At this point her family life changed. The family was left with little money and the church became very important part of their lives.

Buy custom MOTHER TERESA term paper Agnes was always her own person, startlingly independent, obedient challenging, some preconceived notions and expectations. But the pastor of her church, Father Jambren Kovin, influenced her. The priest introduced Agnes to the work being done by missionaries in India. Agnes used to go trips with her mother to visit the elderly, sick and poor. Even though her mother had to work extra hard after her father's death, the generosity that she showed people has such a profound influence on Agnes. During Agnes's early years she was fascinated with missionary life and service. At the age of eighteen she felt that she had been called to a religious life. So Agnes decided to follow the feelings in her heart and join the Loreto Sisters of Dublin. In 18 Agnes began her religious life in Ireland. While in Ireland she learned to speak English and in November she went to India to teach English in an Indian school. There she spends seventeen years teaching and being principal of St. Mary's high school in Calcutta. During her time there in 1, Agnes started her novitiate in an Abbey in Darjeeling and Abbey in the foothills of the Himalayas. A novitiate is a time a nun spends studying, praying and contemplating before she takes her vows. On May 4, 11, Agnes took her first vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. She took her name for St. Theresa, the patron saint of missionaries. On May 14, 17, Teresa took her final vows, promising to serve God for the rest of her life. Everyday Teresa would look out of the convent to the streets of Calcutta. She wanted to help the starving and dying people on the streets. She was not allowed to leave the Loreto order of nuns. They had a rule that you could not leave the convent unless they were seriously ill. In August 146, Sister Teresa couldn't stand it any longer. A four-day riot had broken out between the Muslims and Hindus, thus stopping the food delivery. Sister Teresa left the convent to find food for her hundreds of students. She met some soldiers who gave her some bags of food and told her to stay off of the streets. But Teresa would soon experience another call from God. On September 10, 146 Sister Teresa experienced a call with a call on an annual retreat. She was convinced that god wanted her to reach out to the poor. She believed that God told her to leave the convent and help the poor while living with them. She felt that this was an order from God and not to do this would mean to break the faith. In 147 Sister Teresa was given permission to leave the Loreto order of nuns. But Sister Teresa did not leave the convent until August 16, 148. She set out onto the streets of Calcutta, wearing a simple cotton sari decorated with a blue border. She had no idea that her organization would adopt this outfit as their habit. Leaving the Loreto Abbey was one of the greatest sacrifices she ever made. She was leaving behind her only friends and companions to go out into the slums of the cities. Before she went to the slums she proceeded to learn medical skills from Mother Anna Dengel in Patina. There the Medical Missionary Sisters immediately took her with them where they went to the houses of sick and dying people and local hospitals. Sister Teresa learned to care for people by practicing with the sisters. She learned how to deliver babies, fix broken bones and became aware of many common diseases and illness. She was a natural at caring for people and within three months set out to help the poor of Calcutta. Arriving back in Calcutta, she got in touch with Father Van Exem, who would help her find a place to stay. Arrangements were made for her to stay at St. Joseph's Home. There a group of nuns called the Little Sisters of the Poor gladly welcomed her. There were so many people to help that Sister Teresa didn't know where to began. The Little Sisters of the Poor invited her to begin with them helping the elderly. Sister Teresa stayed with the Little Sisters of the Poor until December 1, 148. She left and went out to the streets of Calcutta to start her mission from God. She left St. Joseph's with a packed lunch, no money, materials or companions. She started a school in the slum that she could see outside her window while at the convent. The first day of school five students showed up for class. Sister Teresa had no books, desks or chalkboards, but due to her determination she still managed to teach. The alphabet was the first lesson taught. The word spread through the slums and soon she had forty students. The student's learned about language and numbers, but also about personal hygiene and cleanliness. Through her students Sister Teresa met many families of Calcutta and about the poor medical care. Many families had no income because the man of the house had been stricken with a disease. Thousands of people died each year due to lack of medical care. Poverty grew and Sister Teresa knew she had to do something more. Sister Teresa didn't have money, but she did have her attention and energy, which she gladly gave to the poor. She walked the streets looking for places to help. The work exhausted her, but she never gave up. Her love and compassion for God, people and her work helped her to help people that no one would go near. Each night she would be tempted to go back to the easy life at Loreto, but instead she prayed to God for this help to get through it all. In March 14, Sister Teresa received a visitor at St. Joseph's. The visitor was a student from Entally, who could not forget Sister Teresa's kindness and generosity. She wanted to join Sister Teresa and work for the poor. Sister Teresa didn't realize that this was the beginning of her order. Soon after Magdalena Gomes joined Sister Teresa. The three of them would go out into the streets each day, not knowing what to expect. By the end of the year eight more young girls joined to help the fight against poverty. In 14 to demonstrate her dedication to Calcutta's poor, Sister Teresa decided to become an Indian citizen. On October 7, 150 Cardinal Pietro Fumoson Biondi head of the office for the Propagation of the Faith, sanctioned Sister Teresa's order, making her Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa always encouraged her nuns to treat the poor as a gift from God and to treat the patients with respect, warmth and kindness. The middle of 15 the Missionaries of Charities moved to a new residence that was big enough to house the growing number of nuns. The nuns wanted to call Mother Teresa the Reverend Mother Teresa, but she refused because she never felt above anyone else. In 154 Mother Teresa was given an unused building for the dying. The building was transformed into the Place of the Immaculate Heart. This was a place for people who were terminally ill that could die with dignity instead of on the streets. Each morning Mother Teresa and the nuns would walk the streets for dying people and bring them to the building. They were treated as angels, and were loved and cared for until their death. When a mother would die leaving a child behind the nuns would take care of the children. In 155 Mother Teresa opened up the children's Home of the Immaculate Heart. There was children with no place to go were taken care of. Teenage girls who lost their family came there instead of turning to prostitution. They helped out by taking care of the children and were taught useful skills. Even though Mother Teresa was criticized for wasting money on the dead and dying but she never stop. Her compassion for the poor and dying and the victims of leprosy was overwhelming. This compassion drove Mother Teresa to find medical care for them. In order to provide the medical care the nuns set up clinics where people could get medicines, disinfectant, bandages and other necessary supplies. The sisters opened up a rehabilitation clinic for lepers. One of Mother Teresa's biggest achievement for the lepers was establishing the thirty-five acre Town of Peace which was a rehabilitating community for the leper. In 160 groups were formed by the Missionaries of Charity to travel to different parts of India. Homes were set up in many parts of India and by 16 there were 11 members of the Missionaries of Charity. Due to the many contributions thirty centers were opened outside of Calcutta. Mother Teresa traveled to the United States in 160 and visited many states. She received hundreds of donations and met many people. She left the United States and traveled to England, Germany and Rome. The trip gave Mother Teresa many new ideas. One of the ideas was to have men involved in the same type of work as the sisters did. So on March 5, 16, twelve men went to live at the Home of the Immaculate Heart to study for their missionary work. Brother Andrew who later was called General Servant headed these men. Their order was called the Brothers of Charity. Mother Teresa brought them a small home for their headquarters. The brothers went into areas of Calcutta that the sisters could not and ran the men's ward at the Home for the Dying. In no time the brothers grew and there were forty-four houses around the world. In February of 165, the Missionaries of Charity had gained permission to work outside of India by the Pope. This meant that Mother Teresa and the sisters could help the poor all over the world. The first home was in Cocorote Venezuela. There Mother Teresa started her work. She was determined to help the women and children. There was a shortage of food, clothing and medical care. In this area men would take more than one wife and then couldn't support them. Mother Teresa's goal was to educate the women so they could support themselves and their children. In order to accomplish this they fixed up an old hotel for their headquarters. Once this was completed they taught women how to type and sew. They even taught elementary school to children and anyone who wanted to learn. In the 160's and 170"s over ten new houses were opened in South America. In 168 Mother Teresa was requested by Pope Paul Vito open a house in Rome. With no hesitation Mother Teresa brought the sisters to the poor out skirts of Rome. There was no electricity, heat or running water. She opened up a house for the poor people. In 168 Mother Teresa received an invitation to go to Tanzania. The buildings were renovated for the poor people. Homes for old people, nurseries and medical supply rooms were established. In 16, with the help of Ann Blankie, Mother Teresa founded the International Association of the Co-workers of Mother Teresa for lay people who wanted to help. There were no requirements and you didn't have to be Catholic or even be religious to join. When sick people wanted to become a part of her work she started a group called the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers. Mother Teresa received the first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize from Pope Paul VI. In 171 he praised her fro her hard work with the poor and the efforts to make peach and also gave her a small statue of Jesus Christ and an award of $67,000.00 to use in her work. In 171 Mother Teresa brought her work to the United States. The first home was in Bronx New York. There she helped the children, the lonely, sick and unwanted. Groups of sisters went out and visited shut-ins, clean homes, get groceries and listen to the elderly. Camp programs were organized to keep children off the streets. Then in October Mother Teresa was given the Joseph P. Kennedy Foundation Award by the Kennedy family. She received a check for $1,000, which she set up a fund for disabled and retarded children. Although Mother Teresa was getting older and fragile she would not stop helping people. Even thought Mother Teresa turned sixty-one in 171, she didn't even think of retirement. In 17 Mother Teresa and the missionaries of Charity went to Bangladesh, where there was a terrible devastation. Food was scare in the villages and many people were starving. Many women had been raped and were treated as outcasts and abandoned by their families. Until Mother Teresa arrived these women had nowhere to go. They would put their lives in jeopardy to hide the women that the men wanted to rape. They set up adoptions for unwanted babies, buried the dead and tended to wounds. In 17 Mother Teresa was given the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion. In future years Mother Teresa would build many more houses for the poor and needy. She never turned down an opportunity to work with poor. She received many awards in the course of her mission. On December , 17 Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize and a check for $10,000.00. She received the prize for her outstanding work with the poor and overall love for people. Three months later, she was presented with India's greatest award, the Bharat Tatnu for the Jewel of India. In 185 President Reagan awarded Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In the following years Mother Teresa worked hard as she ever did despite her age. She talked about pro-life and worked with Aids victims of the world. Mother Teresa gave of all of herself until 17. On September 5, 17 the world learned that Mother Teresa was given back to God. Her body was buried on Saturday, September 1, 17, but her spirit was still alive. She was a wonderful human being and a great woman and she will always be missed. While on earth she taught us to forgive is to love and not to be selfishness. I know that her love and generosity will live on as looks down from Heaven.

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Branding of commodities

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BRANDING OF COMMODITIESHIDDEN ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES

" A brand is not an icon , a slogan, or a mission statement. It is a promise�a promise your company can keep.....................This is the promise you make and keep in every marketing activity, every action, every corporate decision, every customer interaction".

Buy custom branding of commodities term paper

-----Kristin Zhivago, " Business Marketing"

SHIVANI GUPTA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The inimitable nature of the consumer market has necessitated the need for a fundamental and radical change in the strategic aspects of doing business. The biggest challenge facing manufacturers today is how to differentiate their commodity so that their business rises above the commodity market place to enjoy the margins and premium associated with consumer packaged goods markets.

Therefore the key to the success of marketing commodities in today's market place is an intense focus on creating true economic value for those customers who are willing to pay for it and a brand strategy based on product, delivery or service differentiation.

In this context we have categorized the commodity market as commodities consumed at industrial level (BB) and commodities consumed at retail level (BC).

Branding in the context of industrial buying has been determined on the basis of research conducted by McKinsey which states that consumer's concerns for on-time delivery, consistency of product performance, level of technical support and service, and relationship with supplier are greater determinants than price while placing order.

Therefore companies which serve different segments of industrial buyers can maximize their sales by slotting prospective customers into a needs-based segmentation scheme.

Analysis of branding of commodities consumed at retail level (BC) shows that manufacturers must effectively differentiate their product offering vis-à-vis competitors as it moves the buying decision away from solely price factors and therefore generates long-term profitability and sustainable advantage in a crowded marketplace.

We have substantiated the above with relevant case studies in commodity markets like Wheat Flour(Atta), Bottled Water, Poultry, Steel and Dairy products.

INTRODUCTION

By definition, commodities are products and services that customers perceive to be exactly the same.

A market becomes a commodity market if the suppliers choose not to differentiate themselves, either through their products/services, or through their brands. Equally, any market can become a branded market if the suppliers choose to differentiate themselves

But companies that sell products such as bulk chemicals, paper, and steel tend to emphasize operations and sales over marketing, striving to unload as much inventory as possible at the prevailing market price. Viewing themselves as commodity producers, they particularly overlook the nonfunctional features of their products�delivery speeds, after-sales service, distribution, Pricing, Customer servicing, Segmentation, Positioning and Communication

What these producers lose out on is the opportunity to increase their gross margins, create consumer demand for their specific items(s), and build valuable Brand Equity by employing the branding practices made successful by consumer packaged goods enterprises. Such "branded raw materials," while increasing the margins of the producers, also bring greater value to both the manufacturer and the end-user.

The well-know low-calorie sweetener NutraSweet, and later Equal, made commodity marketing history when they turned aspartame into a household name through the pursuit of a branding strategy previously reserved only for consumer packaged goods and retail products.

Branded goods, manufactured with branded ingredients, instill trust, facilitate shopping and purchase, build brand loyalty, steal share from big players, prevent the encroachment of new entrants, and achieve marketplace success.

Branding provides an innovative strategy to overcome the decreasing margins existent in the sale of commodity products, while also creating the sustainable competitive advantage necessary for long-term marketplace success.

When coupled with an intelligent Brand Strategy and a Marketing Plan that guides ongoing marketing activities and expenditures, a business rises above the commodity marketplace to enjoy the margins and advantages typically associated with consumer packaged goods markets

Therefore the issue from a marketing perspective is Is it possible to differentiate a commodity and persuade some buyers to pay a premium for the offering over an extended period of time?

In this scenario, the key to the success of marketing commodities is an intense focus on creating true economic value for those customers who are willing to pay for it and a brand strategy based on product, delivery or service differentiation.

Manufacturers have to segment their buyer market as composed of businesses that want (and are willing to pay for) quite different things. This would in turn help manufacturers focus on the segments whose business they can win and retain most profitably the segments seeking product or service attributes that correspond to their strengths.

In commodity markets, the segmentation should reflect the needs not only of customers, but also of the customers' customers.

Commodity products can be categorized as

 Industrial or Business to Business commodity products

 Retail or Business to consumer commodity products

Industrial commodities

The McKinsey Quarterly 000 reports that a systematic analysis of the preferences of the manufacturers customers shows that for one of the biggest of them, 70 percent of the purchasing decision was based not on price but on quality and service (Exhibit 1). When the manufacturer undertook a full needs analysis of its main customers by using a process called conjoint analysis along with detailed, qualitative, one-on-one interviews, it discovered three distinct segments.

As Exhibit indicates, about one-fifth of its customer base cared most about technical support and the ability to get hold of a sales representative quickly. A third focused on the suppliers product range and product development strengths. The remaining group�less than half�cared most about price and on-time delivery.

In addition to identifying the needs of each, it focused on other identifiers, such as the kinds of customers its customers served and how its customers businesses operated. As a result, the company was able to slot prospective customers into a needs-based segmentation scheme without having to interview.

But because these complicated algorithms are not typically used by business-to-business (BB) suppliers, those companies divide their world by weak identifiers such as size and geography.

In many BB markets, 5, 15, or even just 10 customers account for 80 percent of sales. By taking them through a conjoint analysis and interviewing their managers in person, BB companies can gather most of the information needed to determine exactly which customers really care only about price and which features other customers would be willing to pay more to get.

In many BB markets, 5, 15, or even just 10 customers account for 80 percent of sales.

Therefore companies which serve different segments of industrial buyers, can maximize their sales by slotting prospective customers into a needs-based segmentation scheme. The strategy to follow is

 Focus on identifiers companies should keep a keen eye on the kinds of customers it's customers' served and how it's customers' businesses are operated.

 Acquire green premium Effective branding can be achived through alliances with green brands like Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for nature.

 Making Profits after the sale Value relationships through future potential earnings can be created by regaining the personal touch and relationships with buyers through strategic partnership and customized, anticipatory solutions to business needs.

 Joint Management strategy Cooperate with retailers to manage product categories as strategic business units. Provide functional, process and relationship benefits.

 Increase the value of product development Companies must improve the way they develop and commercialize new products and processes by enabling the company to link value drivers with the creation of external shareholder value.



Case Studies in Industrial Products

TATA STEEL

Tata Steel has micro-marketing; the drive focuses on customer value management (CVM) of its key customers, retail value management (RVM) of its retailers and distributors, and customer product optimisation.

While TOP in general is primarily based on cost in all areas, TOP in marketing focuses on customer and retail value enhancements. Explained the Aspire chief Whereas for products like Tiscon getting brand value would be the objective, for products like galvanised sheets, our objective would be to get both market share and brand value.

The company expects to derive a saving of around Rs 15-0 crore in the current year from TOP in marketing.

INTEL INSIDE

Intel with their "Intel Inside" strategy, branded their microprocessor through computer manufacturers directly to the end-user, turning their microprocessors into a significant selling point for every computer maker who purchased their products. While greatly increasing the value of their microprocessors, Intel's branding strategy built brand equity valued in 000 at $4.67 billion on sales of $.7 billion.

Case studies in Retail Commodities

In FMCG, among existing categories of commodities marketed by businesses to retail consumers are staple food like atta, salt , milk, dairy products, bottled water, tea, coffee, food grains, edible oil, frozen meat, etc.

WHEAT FLOUR (ATTA)

India produces about 67mn ton per annum. Branding of atta started with a few local however national level brands like Captain Cook (DCW Products) and Annapurna (HLL), Trupthi (NEPC Agro) and Pisllsbury (Godrej Pillsbury) emerged in the last few years. In FY001, volumes of Annapurna and Captain Cook were 0.17mn ton and 0.1mn ton pa respectively. Potential for branding wheat-flour exists in large metropolitan cities. Dual earning middle class families are the prime target. The most important driving force for these consumers is convenience and saving time. However potential for branded flour is negligible in small towns and rural areas.

MINERAL WATER

Total bottled market has a size of Rs11-1bn of this around Rs7bn is in the hands of organized sector and rest is with unorganized sector. In the organized sector major players are Bisleri (Parle International), Bailey (Parle Agro), Aquafina (PepsiCo), Kinley (Coca-Cola), PureLife (Nestle) .The market for the past three years has been growing at high rates of more than 80%. With changing consumer preferences from carbonated drinks towards bottled water the growth rate is expected to stabilize at 5-0 % for next 4-5 years.

MILK PRODUCTS

Market size for milk (sold in loose/ packaged form) is estimated to be 6mn MT valued at Rs470bn.Variants of milk products are infant milk food, malted food, condensed milk, processed milk & cheese .Packaged milk segment is dominated by the dairy cooperatives. Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is the largest player. All other local dairy cooperatives have their local brands (For e.g. Gokul, Warana in Maharashtra, Saras in Rajasthan, Verka in Punjab, Vijaya in Andhra Pradesh, Aavin in Tamil Nadu, etc). Other private players include J K Dairy, Heritage Foods, Indiana Dairy, Dairy Specialties, etc.By 005, the value of Indian dairy produce is expected to be Rs 10,00,000 million. Presently the market is valued at around Rs7,00,000mn

POULTRY

In India the poultry is largely related to chickens and to some extent to Ducks. Largely the hen breeding in India is in hands of unorganized sector but with increasing urbanization and increasing health consciousness the concept of organized poultry farming has come up. The industry has progressed by leap sand bounds over past few years with a number of organized players making the entire poultry farms fully automated. The poultry industry overall is growing at a rate of 15-0% per annum.A recent trend has been seen in southern India market where the broiler farm are selling fresh as well as processed meat in branded.The upcoming players in the branded meat business are Venky's and Godrej(Real good chicken)

Brand Value to Consumers

1. Reassurance A brand is a stamp of authenticity. It adds value by promising 'replicability' and helps to establish repeat purchase patterns. In a foreign country, people seek the reassurance of familiar brands, even though they are presumably travelling to find new experiences! This is why tourists and travelers around the world feel comfortable on eating at McDonald's.

. Value Expression Consumers choose brands that reflect the individual values that they possess as individuals. They do this to communicate the desired signals in the highly social environment they inhabit.

CONCLUSION

Branding of commodities offers additional value both to the consumers and the producers. Branding leads to commodity differentiation and hence enables consumer preference and product attribute mapping. This translates into greater choice and quality for the consumers To the producers branding provides the opportunity to increase gross margins by increasing the value perception of their product.

The most successful brands will always be those that deliver not only the tangible functional value but also the intangible value that is the implied guarantee of a branded product.The promise of the brand will always be seen as the most valuable benefit because when confronted with two choices of apparently equal benefit, the consumer will always choose the one that feels right.

The way to maximize brand value is to

 Develop a compelling brand proposition

 Have a large segment of loyal customers who value the brand significantly above it's competitors.

 Deliver the brand consistently through rigorous customer relationship management processes.

 Maximize awareness of and familiarity with the brand.

Trusted brands are not established overnight but are built up as a result of long-term investment in delivering on the brand promise. If a manufacturer can manage this, branding provides an escape from commoditization as it moves the buying decision away from solely price factors and therefore can generate a strong return on investment and long-term sustainable advantage.

Please note that this sample paper on branding of commodities is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on branding of commodities, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on branding of commodities will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Timothy findley

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imothy Findley pieced The Wars together much like a puzzle.

When piecing together a puzzle it is crucial to first find the

corner pieces. As when trying to understand the novel it is

necessary to realize what the most important aspects are.

Cheap Custom Essays on timothy findley

Each separate corner holds together and is linked to another

part. Therefore, to understand the pieces of the puzzle it is

vital to analyze Roberts relationship with his mother, his sister

and his father. Furthermore, an attempt will be made to reveal

the strengths and weaknesses in these relationships and the

meanings Timothy Findley is trying to proclaim. To best

understand Roberts relationship with his mother Mrs. Ross, one

must look at their relationship from the perspective of Mrs.

Ross. It is her interpretations and ensuing reactions to the

tragic events of the novel that reveal the most to the reader

about Roberts relationship with her. Mrs. Ross is portrayed as

an adamant woman in the beginning of The Wars, yet as the

story progresses, her firmness is broken by various tragedies.

Mrs. Ross found it hard to be intimate with people therefore,

she kept many things to herself. She felt that Being loved was

letting others feed from your resource-all you had in life was

put in jeopardy (Findley, 15). Mrs. Ross had mourned for

years over the sudden death of her brother and her father,

now she had lost a daughter and was going to lose a son. It is

also evident she kept a lot of things to herself. At Rowenas

funeral she stood apart from the rest of the family pretending

she did not need any help. Mrs. Ross hid behind a large, black

hat that day. Before Rowenas death and Robert leaving for

the war Mrs. Ross used to be out in the public, handing out

chocolate bars to the soldiers going off to war. However, when

Robert left to join the army Mrs. Ross refused to have anything

to do with it. Mrs. Ross was an adamant lady. She was

adamant when it came to chocolate bars and she was

adamant when it came to her decision about Robert having to

kill Rowenas rabbits. After the death of Roberts sister

Rowena, the Ross family seems to be broken. Family members

question whose fault it was that she fell and who should

ultimately be held responsible. Mrs. Ross comes across as

being envious of her son and daughters relationship because

Robert and Rowena had a relationship where Robert was like a

parent (guardian) to Rowena. Robert also was very protective

of Rowena and always showed his concern for her, like Mrs.

Ross did for all her children but more so towards Robert.

Consequently, Robert being the closest to Rowena becomes

the reason Mrs. Ross decides he will to be the one who would

take the responsibility of killing the rabbits. Mrs. Ross decision

to burden Robert with this inhuman act and furthermore, his

failure to do so, leads to the most revealing monologue

relevant to their relationship. You think Rowena belonged to

you. Well Im here to tell you, Robert no on belongs to anyone.

Were all cut off at birth with a knife and left at the mercy of

strangers. You hear that? Strangers. I know what you want to

do. I know youre going to go away and be a soldier. Well- you

can go to hell. Im not responsible. Im just another stranger.

Birth I can give you- but life I cannot. I cant keep anyone

alive. Not anymore (Findley, ). The pessimistic tone of Mrs.

Ross monologue can be attributed to the fact that Rowena

just died and that Robert has chosen to condemn himself to

death, however, this also reveals much about her relationship

with Robert. In addition, Roberts decision to enlist in the war

is not approved by Mrs. Ross. Her reaction is one of denial and

a failure as a parent.. Her words, you can go to hell, in reality,

show her true love and care for Robert, yet in a vulgar way.

She cares so much for him that she can not bear the thought

of him leaving, hence she directs her anger at him. Mrs. Ross

missed her son when he went to war. She started taking long

walks. She may have tried this to clear her mind. When Robert

started training he would go for long walks at night as well.

Perhaps both tried this method to clear their minds of the

problems they were facing. Although it may have not worked

for Mrs. Ross. She started walking in storms perhaps hoping

that the storm would distract her. Furthermore, she began to

drink heavily and had to hide herself by wearing large hats with

veils, and dark glasses. The novel occasionally breaks form and

lets the reader know how the war has affected Roberts family

primarily his mother. Mrs. Ross drove herself to insanity and

drunkenness with each day that Robert was gone. This is best

illustrated whenever Findley focuses on the issue of Mrs. Ross

and her empty glass. Some examples are Mrs. Ross stared at

her empty glass. How long had it been empty? Hours? Minutes?

Years? (Findley, ). Mrs. Ross stood on the landing of the

stairs. The bottle fell from her hand. It was empty and it rolled

to the bottom step. She gave a final agonizing cry (Findley,

04). Robert constantly wrote to his parents to tell them how

things were going. Mrs. Ross kept all these letters in a special

place and was found re-reading them often. The most

influential section regarding Mrs. Ross was when she and

Mister Ross went to see Robert in Montreal before he departed

overseas. Mister Ross had tracked his son down so his wife

could have one last look at her son. Nevertheless, when Mrs.

Ross had another chance to say goodbye to her son she blew

it. Instead of running out to hug her son and say goodbye she

was found in the train saloon getting drunk. [Mrs. Ross] went

into the salon and sat with her legs tucked beneath one of the

pullman chairs and drank a third of a bottle of scotch. When

Mister Ross came in and said it was time to go, Mrs. Ross

stood up- and fell down. I cant, she said (Findley, 7). All

she could do was wave at her son through the window. Mrs.

Ross began to lose her mind. She catalogued and memorized all

of Roberts letters. She would write him everyday but usually

the letters were indecipherable. Her husband started to wish

she would return to them, but she just sat staring, waiting for

Roberts return. When the word came that Robert was missing

in action Mrs. Ross lost it. It is easy to assume that she may

have had a nervous breakdown. She had refused help for so

long that when she finally asked for it she had gone blind and

her voice contained no emotion. Nonetheless, it is possible to

assume Roberts last attempt to do something right was when

he tried to save the horses at the end of the novel. He felt the

horses would be killed if he did not try to save them from being

sent to the front lines. Therefore, to consider that when

Robert tried to save the horses it was exactly like how he had

tried to save the rabbits. Timothy Findley could be trying to

show the reader how the war not only ruined the lives of the

men that fought in the war but how it also destroyed families

as well. Mrs. Ross could not handle the loss of another loved

one and Robert could not handle the horrific situations he had

gone through. One was never given Mrs. Ross first name, and

in a sense this kept her at a distance with the reader. Perhaps

this is to make the reader believe that her craziness could

happen to anyone who regretted not showing their love when

they had the chance instead of pushing it away. In developing

the relationship between Robert and Rowena, Timothy Findley

introduces Roberts humane and sensitive characteristics.

When Robert was young, he mistook Rowena for his mother

because he often saw her smiling face peering down onto his

crib. To Robert, Rowena was a guardian, but eventually he

considered himself her guardian. When she smiled, he thought

she was his mother. Later, when he came to realize she

couldnt walk and never felt the chair, he became her guardian.

It was for her he learned to run (Findley, 7). Rowena depends

on Robert to care for her, as she is unable to do so herself.

This provides Robert with a sense of being wanted and a

feeling that what he does is beneficial to Rowena. He enjoys

being there for her. The thing was- no one since Rowena had

made Robert feel wanted to be with them all the time (Findley,

104). After, Rowenas death, Robert was lost within himself. He

no longer knew how to behave or what to feel anymore. It was

as though he could no longer handle or deal with serious

matters or even think clearly. Timothy Findley puts this

forward as one of the main factors that initiates Robert to join

the army; because he could never forgive himself for his

sisters death. Robert felt that is was his fault because he had

not been there that day looking out for Rowena as he usually

did. He felt this guilt eating him inside for the rest of his life

from that day forward. Robert reflects on specific moments

they spent together through out The Wars. Robert? Yes,

Rowena? Will you stay with me forever? Yes Rowena. Can the

rabbit stay forever, too? Yes Rowena. This was forever. Now

the rabbits had to be killed (Findley, 17) Robert is never able

to forget this conversation because of the fact that he broke

this promise by not being there when she fell. This changed

Roberts entire perspective on life and his assigned role. He no

longer appeared to have feelings anymore but no one knew

how much remorse he felt inside. This could have been another

reason for joining the war so that he could just go away and

everyone would either forget about what he did and be proud

of it in the end for being so brave. In a sense, a large part of

Robert died that day along with his sister. While attending

Rowenas funeral, Robert saw a soldier standing there, he

envied this man so much because after this day he could just

walk away and leave all of this behind. This is what Robert

wanted to do and it turned out to be the worst way to run

away from all his problems. Rowenas death constantly put

stress on Robert, as we can see it hits him the hardest in the

trenches or when he is in the battle field. Everything reminded

him of his sister. One example was when Robert looked under

Rodwells bunk, Robert looked. There was a whole row of

cages. Rowena. Robert closed his eyes (Findley, 5). As one is

able to identify Rowena was the first and only thing on his

mind. Even the color white would remind him of her because he

could associate so many things since she was always dressed

in white, her rabbits were white, and her coffin was white. All

these memories haunted Robert more and more each day of his

life. Findley suggest that in the latter part of The Wars that

Robert is becoming mentally unstable. At times he can no

longer function as a dedicated soldier or an average human

being. It is quite ironic that after Rowenas death, Robert

wanted to join the army where death loomed on every horizon.

If Rowena had still been alive Robert probably would not have

ever enlisted in the army. In the structure of Robert and

Rowenas relationship, the author is attempting to reveal that

Robert, more than anyone else in the novel, is able to look

past Rowenas physical deformity and see her inner beauty. In

Roberts burning of Rowenas portrait not out of anger but as

an act of charity (Findley, 15), the author is revealing that

Robert respects Rowena and does not want her to be

subjected to the cruelty of war. It also suggests that the

image of the person Robert was when he knew Rowena no

longer fits into his lifestyle during the war. Findley uses

Roberts difficulty in dealing with his sisters death to reveal his

sensitivity and his feelings of guilt. This is also witnessed in

Roberts disappointment in the deaths of many animals as well

as the German soldier in the novel.. Robert Ross and his father,

Tom Ross, carry out a healthy father-son relationship

throughout the novel. Robert is proud of his father and regards

him as one of his role models in life. Tom is proud of his son

and is loving towards him. Although their personalities do in

some ways differ, there is still a strong male bond between

Robert and his father. The personalities of both Robert and his

father vary. Tom Ross is a strong and hard-nosed on the

outside but only shows his sensitivity when needed and has

control over his emotions, whereas Robert is strong but is more

sensitive and can not control his emotions as well as his

father. An example of Roberts inability to control his emotions

is after the death of Rowena. Robert is asked to kill Rowenas

rabbits but cannot because of how much they meant to

Rowena and him, so Tom hires Teddy Budge to do it. Robert

ends up attacking Teddy and gets severely beaten. One

example of Toms sensitivity and control is after they were

notified that Robert was missing in action. Mrs. Ross was in a

sense of disarray and Tom was able to comfort her, Mr. Ross

held her and rocked her from side to side. The house began to

darken. They sat there, silently singing. Finally, she slept

(Findley, 05). Although Robert and his father do have some

personal characteristic differences, there are many instances

in the novel that show not only how proud they are of each

other but also some similarities between the two of them. One

example of Toms commitment to his son was when Robert

wished to run around the block twenty-six times, no one fully

supported him except his father. Robert failed and fainted on

the 5th lap but his father was there to support him. Tom

came up every evening after work and sat in Roberts darkened

room and talked to him and told him stories. None of the

stories had to do with running. These were tales of voyages

and ships and how to ride a horse. This was the binding of the

father to the son (Findley, 48). This bonding helped Tom

remember his days of youth and how he had attempted

something similar the word spread out around him like a gift

(Findley, 48). The best example that Findley shows of the

bond between Robert and his father is at the train yard in

Montreal. Upon leaving for boot camp Robert though that he

would not see his father until he had finished his tour of duty.

When Robert saw his father it revealed his pride and love for

him, the sight of his farther had lifted his spirits immeasurably.

And the feel of his fathers hand on his arm had brought back

into a world hed thought hed lost (Findley, 50). Before this

reencounter with his father, Robert had the mind of a soldier

and had forgotten the enjoyment of his home and his family.

What Timothy Findley is trying to reveal in the novel is that a

father-son relationship is not only an important factor in family

but also in life. There are many instances in the novel where

both Robert and his father feel that they have lost touch with

each other, but they always regain their contact. In war, it is

often the letters and love from family and friends that keeps

the soldier going. By exploring Robert Ross relationships with

his family member one is able to understand and interpret

Roberts actions and emotions. Thus, when trying to find the

peices of the puzzle that links Roberts family together, one

finds the growth of Roberts personality. Furthermore, Timothy

Findley enables the reader to examine the influential aspects of

Mrs. Ross, Rowena and Mr. Ross towards the self development

of Roberts identity.

Please note that this sample paper on timothy findley is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on timothy findley, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on timothy findley will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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International development

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in international development, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your international development paper at affordable prices!

The story begins with a quick description of the authors former surroundings, and the type of industries which, until the present day, had been prevalent in that area. The location is the old industrial area of Toronto which was formerly dominated by garment factories, yet today resembles a ghost - town with its boarded up, dormant buildings. Worldwide globalization has led many such enterprises to be forgotten in the wake of modernization and increased technologies. Many products available during its earlier days can still be purchased, yet it is the candy and movie stores which dominate the areas business. Remnants of an earlier era can still be seen in the various statues and monuments erected around Spadina Ave., the main street of the city known for its booming garment industry, which include women hunched over sewing machines and figures perched atop lampposts. An eleven foot thimble was also erected which directly symbolizes the transformation from the garment to sweatshop workers struggle. Old factory buildings are being turned into expensive lofts and condos complete with 4 hour concierge, underground parking, and sky lit gymnasiums. Few landlords remain, who have made their fortunes off the garment industry, that havent already sold their buildings in the name of condominium development, and many are caught between the harsh realities of economic globalization and an earlier period of time. The author travels to Indonesia to prove that many large corporations such as London Fog, who formerly manufactured out of small neighbourhoods in cities such as Toronto and Montreal, are now moving their operations to Third World countries where they can take advantage of cheaper labour and much larger production rates. This has been the common trend of many billion dollar corporations operating in todays society, including Nike, Liz Claiborne, and the Gap. Many people understand the products are not manufactured in Canada by simply reading the label, but what they are unaware of is the horrible conditions the workers who produced such clothing face every day. She visits a garment factory on the edge of Jakarta which is currently embroiled in a strike caused by its abysmal working conditions . Workers, who make less than US dollars per day, claimed they were not being paid for overtime hours, and the settlement which was reached did make the situation much better. Although the over 000 workers went back to their sewing machines, those who management believed caused the strike were instantly fired and many were left entirely unsatisfied, yet with no chance to voice their protest. There isnt much need for sweaters and winter coats in the sweltering heat of countries bordering the equator, and more and more North Americans are getting through the cold winters not by products manufactured locally, but by young Asian women in countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam. A global coincidence that the products which were formerly manufactured in the authors building are now being made thousands of miles away in Third World sweatshops. It now becomes clear that everyone of the world is connected through a web of shoelaces, fabrics, and brand names. Brands once manufactures only in Europe and North America are now being globalized for the sake of profit, and created throughout the developing world. This does not mean globalization benefits those workers who produce the clothing however, nothing could be farther from the truth. When a McDonalds opened near the garment factory in Jakarta, workers were frustrated because the discount food was entirely out of their price range. In most cases in todays world, globalization is viewed as a force which is for the benefit of all people. Tribesmen in Borneo work away on laptop computers, while schoolchildren in Bangladesh anxiously await the release of the new Harry Potter film. Despite this, it is the large multinational corporations which are truly benefiting from the world becoming a global village. They are not introducing new technologies to benefit the poor, and they care little about creating job opportunities for them. Instead they are in the process of mining the planets poorest countries for unimaginable profits, and doing little to generate positive international development and improvement. Instead of helping to nurture the areas they are exploiting, they simply take what they can from it and give little back. If these corporations were more caring of the effects their actions are having on these countries people and economies, and if a percentage of all profits were used to make a real attempt at improving their situation, globalization would be a benefit for all. Many people in the west during the past four decades have been catching glimpses of the negative aspect of the global village , a place where the economic divide is widening and cultural choices are becoming non - existent. It is a village where Bill Gates is king, and everyone is indeed connected by a serious of seemingly never-ending brand names yet its underside reveals slums such as the one mentioned earlier in Jakarta. Large corporations often say their technology spans the globe, and it often does, but usually in the form for cheap Third World labour used to produce the necessities needed to operate its basic machines. Many workers in these areas often do not even know what the product they are manufacturing is used for. A girl who assembles computer CD ROMs for IBM in Manilla said it perfectly when told it amazed the author that such a young child could do such technologically advanced work. She replied by saying that she made computers but had absolutely no idea how to operate one. This clearly shows that our planet is not as big as people would believe.

Custom Essays on international development The Third World has been exploited for the comfort of the First since the earliest days of colonialism. European explorers ventured to the heart of Africa and South America in search of precious metals, while millions of people native to their lands were killed by diseases introduced when colonies were created. Today, although new lands are not being discovered, and virtually the entire planet is riddled with disease, many products used in the developed world can still be traced back to abusive sweatshops in Vietnam and Sumatra, or polluted and contaminated villages in Africa. The title of the book is not meant to be read as a literal slogan, instead the author hopes as more and more people become aware of the brand name webs horrors and mistreatments, a political movement will be created which will squarely target transnational corporations. The actions of multinational corporations in the First World were also beginning to be scrutinized intensely. After completing research across many university campuses, the author realized that many students were angered at how private corporations were attempting to capitalize off them during school hours. Ads were appearing on bulletin boards everywhere, the school was making large - scale distribution deals with soft drink companies and computer manufacturers, and they were worried that their education was suffering. Ethical concerns over the actions of some of the companies their schools were dealing with were also raised, not from home but in faraway countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam. Instead of having the political focus revolve around such issues as race, gender, and sexuality, the new brand of politics which has captured the imagination of people today is an anti corporate attitude Like the hippy movements of the 160s, this new wave of protest could have a large transformative impact. It is not just within an university environment that people are lobbying to have aggressive corporate sponsors withheld from their daily lives. Numerous small towns across North America are realizing the damage they have on cultural life, and multinational corporations including Walmart and Shell, who have recently been put under pressure for shady processing practices, are beginning to be protested heavily. Anti - corporate slogans are appearing on more and more billboards across the developed world, which leads many people to wonder where these protests will lead too. Is this the first step in completely desensitizing the publics attitude towards such businesses? If it is, such a transformation could have a huge impact on daily life for the majority of the 6 billion people living in todays world. Sure a nomadic herder in the Sahara desert who has never seen the Nike Swoosh symbol will not be greatly affected, yet for someone who buys into this company on a regular basis may be forced to rethink their decisions. In each case, a brand name corporate giant was being targeted and much of the book focuses on how this resistance could lead to a world-wide revolution. The protests against harmful corporate action are by no means focused in a single area, instead spread across much of the globe. Thousands of people protest the use of Nike due to their known sweatshop abuses, factory workers in the Philippines have made labour history by bringing the first labour organizations into the manufacturing zones that produce some of the most recognizable brand names on the planet. In todays world, logos have become an outspoken form of international language recognized virtually everywhere. Activists have used this new language to trade such information as unjust labour practices, unethical marketing, and animal cruelty, making many people hope it is within this entangled web of brand names that sustainable solutions will be discovered. This book tracks the early stages of resistance, and what has caused more and more people, specifically those of a young age, to become suspicious and downright enraged, at the actions of multinational corporations spanning the globe. They stress their belief that corporations have grown so large that they know have overtaken governmental bodies in the power in which they wield. They are accountably only to their shareholders and no mechanism exists which forces them to focus more on serving the broader public. Culture and education in todays world has largely surrendered itself to the forces of global marketing. Different forms of employment, including self employment, part - time, and temporary labour have created strained relationships to employment for many workers globally. Alongside the assault civil liberties and space, the collision of these forces has given rise to the anti corporate attitude which is slowly but surely taking a stronghold over international affairs. The book No Logos by Naomi Kleine paints a vivid picture of a world issue which has dominated the agenda of many people over the past four decades. The majority of multinational corporations do whatever it takes to ensure a higher profit margin, and this often meant trampling over Third World counterparts to make this a reality. Since the early 170s, the common trend has shown many moving their already lucrative operations to such countries as Indonesia and Vietnam where they can capitalize off cheap labour and extended working hours. They pay employees a disgraceful percentage of what they would be forced to pay workers in developed nations due to pressure from labour and trade unions. There are few multinational corporations who have their roots in North America, that have chosen to focus their manufacturing in this area. Instead, the majority have pulled up their roots and relocated in sweltering, dangerous sweatshops where they exploit and endanger their workers on a daily basis. Little is done to help improve the situation of the peoples indigenous to the area, and their pitiful situations are rarely improved. This has caused many people around the world to cry out against such action, and hope their protest will have an effect on bringing about lasting change. Despite the fact that these abuses are taking place thousands of miles away, and most of the people protesting will never meet a single sweatshop worker, they still feel an obligation to speak their mind in the hopes others will do the same. This ties in greatly with the famine, affluence, and morality issue we studied earlier in the course. If we have the ability to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought morally, to do it. Therefore it is of no important that these abuses are taking place in far off lands, the fact that we have become aware of them is push enough to do everything in our power to improve the situation. This has become the creed of the wave of protesters and activists which have arisen to fight corporate abuses over the past years. They hope that by empowering the public and creating widespread awareness of the evils of corporate domination, positive change will occur. Our world has become a global village where the actions of someone in Indonesia could have lasting effects on a person living in the United States. We should consider ourselves neighbours no matter what country we live in, religion we follow, and language we speak. Therefore when injustices are being committed against fellow humans that others have become aware of, everything must be done to ensure they dont continue, and that the public becomes aware of what is occurring. This relates to many of the issues studied thus far in class. The forced sterilization of Mexican Indians, a pinnacle of human rights abuse, cause an outcry across much of the world when it became widespread public knowledge. Many newspapers articles condemning the action were written, and thousands of protests took place. It is this aspect of human dignity which I feel will help ensure the survival of todays world, and the ultimate ceasing of abuses against all people worldwide. If we did nothing to protest actions which violate human dignity, they would continue indefinitely and the world would be in a much more pitiful state. Because these anti corporate activists rise above the masses to profess their beliefs in the face of scrutiny, they push the planet and its people in the direction of a positive growth and existence. Please note that this sample paper on international development is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on international development, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on international development will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Different Types of RAM and its Development dated Nov 2002

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Computer memory is an area where data is stored on a semi conductor chip. Its a tiny board made of silicon and

geranium rather than on some other storage medium, such as hard drive, compact disc or tape cartridge. The

data can be stored permanently or temporarily on the chip. In a computer, memory is a necessity, and the more

the better. For the most part, the user has little interaction directly with the memory unless of course you try to

Help with essay on The Different Types of RAM and its Development dated Nov 2002

open several applications at one time, then you may receive an error message in response. But understanding

how memory works, can give you a better understanding how the PC works as a whole.

Memory isnt just one single unit. It includes several components working together within the PC. The most

commonly known type is RAM which stands for Random Access memory. This is the computers main memory.

RAM is the area of the computer where data is temporarily held while an application or the operating system is

using it. Another type of memory known as ROM, Read Only Memory retains data permanently.

Rom is an area of memory that contains data that maybe accessed but not altered. Calculators and digital

watches contain ROM. In a computer ROM is on a memory chip that either plugs into or is soldered onto the

motherboard. Computer contain only a small amount of ROM just enough to support the BIOS (Basic

Input/Output System). The BIOS is a set of instructions that control the computers startup process, activated the

hardware components and loads the operating system. Because the ROM chip in a computer only contains the

BIOS, its sometimes referred to as the BIOS ROM.

BIOS used to be permanently placed in the ROM by the memory manufacturer, but as time went by it proved to

be quite inconvenient especially to manufacturers that needed to upgrade the BIOS. To solve this, several types

of PROM (Programmable ROM) were developed. PROM chips were not inscribed with data during the

manufacturing process. These blank chips were sold to computer manufacturers and resellers who use a special

piece of hardware called a PROM programmer to burn the chips.

There are several different types of PROM, including EPROM (Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically

Erasable PROM, and flash memory which is a type of EEPROM. Data contained in these types of PROM can

be erased and updated as needed using a PROM programmer or a special software application.

RAM

RAM is the type of memory referred to as the main memory. It has the largest area of chip based memory

storage in the computer system. All data contained in RAM is held there temporarily until it is no longer needed

or the computer is turned off. RAM gets its name from the fact that it is allowed to be accessed randomly. That

mean the CPU (Central Processing Unit); is the device that interprets and carries out instructions can access

RAM data directly, in a non-linear fashion. The name RAM comes from its comparison with the first forms of

computer memory, which stored data in a linear format.

Every PC contains at least two types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) and SRAM (Static RAM). Additionally

most systems contain some form of peripheral RAM. Video memory is the most popular form of peripheral

RAM but many printers contain peripheral RAM.

Dynamic RAM is usually what we refer to when talking about RAM. DRAM is one of the most active

components in a PC. Almost everything seen on a PC screen is held temporarily in DRAM. Many PCs sold

today come equipped with at least 18MB of DRAM.

In DRAM data exists in an array, which is a type of grid containing thousands of neatly arranged bits of data.

The array must be electronically refreshed hundreds of times every second in order to maintain its charge retain

its data. if the array loses power, even for one second, all the data it held is erased. That explains why a

computer user should use the Save command at every opportunity.

DRAM technology has undergone many changes since the first PC hit the market. During the last six years

alone at least half a dozen types of DRAM has had an impact on the market. Every new type of DRAM

promises to run faster amd more efficiently than its predecessors. Most systems sold today come equipped with

SDRAM (Synchromous DRAM).

Originally DRAM was contained on memory chips that were soldered to the motherboard. These chips held

only a small amount of DRAM. An entire system may have contained only about 8KB or 16KB, but consumed

a relatively large amount of space. But as PCs evolved and DRAM increased it became necessary to find a more

efficient means of connecting memory chips the motherboard. The solution came in the form of SIMMs (single

inline memory modules), which were either 0 pin or 7 pin expansion cards that plugged into slots the

motherboard. Later a 7 pin and a 168 pin DIMM (dual inline memory modules) were developed. DIMMs

provide faster data access and more efficient memory storage than SIMMs. Another type of DRAM became

available called RDRAM or Rambus DRAM. This technology is significantly faster than the DRAM on most

computers. RDRAM derives its speed from a proprietary signaling technology that allows the memory module

to operate at speeds of 800MHz. (One megahertz equals one million cycles per second).

Typical DRAM run at speeds between 66MHz and 1MHz. The most popular promoter for DRRAM is Intel.

This company produced several chipsets including the popular Intel 80 and 840specifically for the purpose of

supporting RDRAM technology. RDRAM along with an improved version of DRDRAM are stored on in-line

memory modules called RIMMs. RIMMs are almost identical to DIMMs except that RIMMs come in 184 pin

model. Because RDRAM runs at such a high speed, the RIMMs also include a built in heat shield to protect the

memory chips from overheating. Another difference between RIMMs and DIMMs is cost. You can expect to

pay twice as much for a RIMM than a DIMM. RDRAM can be found on higher end Pentium desktops

like Gateway and Dell.

Static Ram does not need to be continuously refreshed in order to retain data. This makes it faster and more

stable than DRAM. However, there is a price for speed and stability so SRAM costs quite a bit more than

DRAM. For this reason SRAM is usually found only in L1 (level 1) and L (level ) caches which are used for

holding areas between the main memory and the CPU. These caches make up for DRAM deficiencies by

holding the most frequently accessed data.

On newer systems, the L1 cache is a memory chip contained within the CPU. Thats why the L1 cache is often

referred to as internal memory. it is also known as internal memory. It is also known as primary cache as it is

the first place the CPU looks for data.

The L cache is usually located in a separate chip between the CPU and DRAM and is referred to as external

memory. It is also known as the secondary cache because its the second place the CPU looks the data. L cache

is larger than L1 cache.

Peripheral Ram as mentioned before include memory found in video cards and printers. This type of RAM

temporarily holds data that travels between a peripheral and the rest of the system.

Video RAM or VRAM is one of the most common peripheral RAM. Its usually located on the video card but

maybe built into the motherboard on some older systems. VRAM differs for RAM because two devices can

access it at the same time. This capability lets VRAM receive data from the CPU or the Graphics accelerator at

the same time it transmits data to the monitor. RAM on a video card isnt necessarily VRAM. Many video cards

use some form of DRAM as video memory. Video cards sold typically today contain between 8MB and

18MB. For example Leadtek WinFast A50 Ultra TD, which is a higher end Video card, referenced from the

following URL. (http//www.zdnet.com/supercenter/stories/overview/0,106,56180,00.html)

A good reference for purchasing and comparing prices for video cards is http//www.zdnet.com.

Printer memory often referred to as printer buffer momentarily holds incoming data until the printer is ready to

print it. This lets the CPU perform other tasks without waiting for the printer to print a lengthy print job. The

printer buffer can be anywhere from 4MB to 8MB of DRAM.

Ive explained about the various types of RAM found in a PC. Now I will explain how they work together with

the CPU and the storage devices to process and manage data within the PC. Ill briefly explain the components

of the PC and how the memory interacts with them.

The CPU is like the brain of the PC with its primary function to process, manage and do all the thinking. It

performs calculations, recognizes relationships and makes decisions. But before it can do any of this, it requires

some data to work on. This data is kept in three separate places, ROM, RAM, and the computer storage devices.

Each has an important role.

ROM provides the most secure and permanent form of data storage in a PC, and is like the human memory that

remembers information like how to walk or speak your native language. This data is built into the infrastructure

of the PC and cannot be changed easily. Two types of RAM provide the computers with short-term memory.

SRAM is like a short-term memory that lets you remember the first half of a sentence so that you can make

some sense of the second half. DRAM on the other hand is like the type of short-term memory that helps you

remember where you parked your car or what you need to buy at a store. Either way, the data here can be

quickly replaced with something else.

Storage devices are like long-term memory holding data for extended periods of time. In a human this type of

memory helps you remember significant information such as your name, date of birth or teachers name. In a

PC, the storage devices let you store important documents, financial records and other data you dont want to

lose.

All forms of computer memory store data as electronic signals or pulses. Each signal represents a single bit of

data. In conventional ROM, the memory chip has built in, permanent signals. In RAM and newer versions of

ROM, the signals are established by an electronic charge. ROM can retain data after the electronic charge ends,

but RAM cannot. When RAM loses power, the signals that represent the data are lost. The first time memory

comes into play in the system is when you turn the power button on of the PC. The PC is hand-wired to look in

the BIOS ROM immediately upon startup. The BIOS activates various components, including the keyboard and

disk drives, and initializes the operating system. At that point the operating System takes over. It controls how

much DRAM is allocated to each application and to the Operating System. When you open an application the

CPU copies the data from the hard drive and, while processing it, it transfers it to DRAM where it resides while

the application remains open. The data is placed in a specific location as determined by the OS. The system bus

shuttles data between DRAM, L1 and L caches, and the CPU. While all this goes on, the CPU continuously

transmits display data to the video card. If the video card has a graphic accelerator, the accelerator gathers and

processes the data. A small portion of video memory is allocated to assist the accelerator in this task. The rest

of the video memory is used as a frame buffer where the display data is organized into individual images before

appearing on screen. The process is similar if you decide to print some data in the print buffer, which holds the

data and compiles it into a printable page. When you use the applications Save mode, the data stored in RAM is

copied to the selected storage device. When you close the application, the data should clear out of both DRAM

and SRAM. Sometimes the data doesnt clean out. If too much data remains in RAM, the system will lock up

unexpectedly.

History and Development of RAM

Memory has come a long way, not only in quantity, but also in terms of quality and price. There are a few

reasons for that. First is that memory must be able to keep up with the processor. In the early days this wasnt

much of a problem as the processors rate was only about 5MHz. But due to recent technological developments

in CPUs have made the task of keeping up a more difficult thing to do. It took Intel nearly twenty five years to

produce a 150MHz chip, and took them less than two years to produce one less than three times as fast. A PC

may contain a processor capable of running at 50MHz, but if the memory has a maximum capability of

1MHz, the CPU wont be able to function at its optimum speed. Trying to keep up with the CPU is the reason

why so many different versions of DRAM are on the market. In addition to SDRAM, a very common type of

DRAM, many systems sold today may contain DDR SDRAM (Double data rate SDRAM) and RDRAM. Older

computers may have used FPM DRAM and EDO DRAM (See glossary at end for definitions). So the

development of the CPU has increased the rate of development of the memory required in recent years. But

even software developers can be partly blamed or credited for that because software developers have pushed

their products to do more and to do it faster and more conveniently for the end user. Looking at the progression

of the Operating System indicates how the demand for more has changed personal computing.

In 10, most PCs ran the text based DOS OS. DOS had very few built in functions and made few demands on

a system serving mainly as a platform on which to run computer applications. It was however boring and ugly

to use for users especially beginners.

Compare that to Windows XP. Windows XP is more than an operating system. Its a communication base, and

entertainment center and an office assistant. Not only does it look sharp and supports over 16 million colors, it

plays music and motion video. This type of computer requires a sophisticated computer system and a lot more

memory. Multi media capabilities have pushed memory requirements up for all PCs. And all that has increased

the price of PCs.

Fortunately the price of memory has been on the decline for the past few years, In 15 one megabyte of

memory cost about $5 but in 00 that much memory can be obtained for less than 50 cents. The reason for

the steep price cut is due to over production. Prior to 15 memory manufacturers could not keep up with the

demand. The price of RAM went up, the cost of production went down, and memory manufacturers made

healthy profits. This caused a reaction in the industry. In 15 several companies built Fabs (laboratories where

memory chips are built) to capitalize in the memory market. The average Fab cost $.5 billion to build and

lasted about three to four years before its technology became obsolete. Memory manufacturers had a lot of

memory to sell fast to recover its costs. Thats easy when the demand is high and supply is low. But as the

market became saturated. The supply of memory exceeded the demand and so the price of memory declined

tremendously. The manufacturers who had invested enormous amounts of capital had no choice but to produce

even more memory chips to make up for the low prices. This saturated the market even more. As a result the

cost per megabyte of memory dropped more than 0% in a two year period, between 15 and 17.

For the Future of Memory

Since 17 prices have stabilized and the future is looking good. Systems will continue to come equipped with

even greater amounts of DRAM. prices for memory should remain stable as demand remains high. And new

memory technologies like DRDRAM and DDRSDRAM should eliminate the gap between processor and

memory speed. Soon system memory might make a big leap to the CPU. This could eliminate concerns about

speed because the data transfer rate will decrease to almost zero nanoseconds. It might take three to five to even

ten years for this to happen, but at some point those memory modules in PCs might become part of history.

Please note that this sample paper on The Different Types of RAM and its Development dated Nov 2002 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Different Types of RAM and its Development dated Nov 2002, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on The Different Types of RAM and its Development dated Nov 2002 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!