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Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Finding free information

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What could be more American than a Major League Baseball Game? Can¡¦t most people identify with the experience of visiting a Major League Baseball park? General Motors used to market its Chevrolet line of vehicles with a jingle that equated baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet. It¡¦ our national past time that invokes fond memories of our youth and fosters dreams of young boys and girls everywhere. Certainly Major League Baseball is a pure form of entertainment meant to be afforded by all and free of business controversy, right? Not quite!

These days, Major League Baseball (MLB) has had its share of economic woes that make the business side of baseball all too real. In August of this year, the owners and player¡¦s union narrowly averted another work stoppage that many people felt could have driven baseball fans all around the country out of the parks for good. Strikes in 184 and 14 brought out the ugly side of baseball that most just don¡¦t wish to see. After all, people still want to hum the Chevrolet tune and dream the dreams of the boys of summer. But, for the sake of argument and the fulfillment of a class assignment, this investigation of that very real business side will provide an understanding of the impact it has on the average Major League Baseball patron.

In contrast to the idealistic nature that Americans typically wish to bestow upon the sport, the real issues of player salaries, average ticket prices and attendance shape the economic framework of the business. Player strikes have brought ballooning player salaries into the spotlight and the inevitable comparison between salaries and average attendance has been editorialized thoroughly (1). In fact, after the most recent strike in 14 and 15, attendance at Major League Baseball games dropped 0 percent () and speculation on the future of the business was much in question. Only a home run title chase that eventually broke the single season home run record seemed to bring fans trickling back into the parks. That chase between Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa jump-started the National League¡¦s attendance with the American League following close behind.

In addition to skyrocketing player salaries and lackluster attendance following the strike, the spotlight on new baseball stadiums with their hundreds of million dollar price tags has had some asking about baseball revenues and the survival of small market teams. The good news is that most Major League Baseball teams who have either moved into a brand new stadium or undergone significant face lifts to their old facilities have enjoyed modest increases in average attendance ().

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So, the question has been posed, ¡§How does player salaries, negative sentiment toward the game, the price tag of new stadiums and, of course, increased ticket prices effect the average MLB attendance?¡¨ One Los Angeles Times report (5) takes a very demand-side economic stance. In short the article states that every MLB team sets prices in the inelastic portion of the demand curve, meaning higher than normal price equilibrium. The writer argues that the reason ticket prices are increasing is because fans are willing to pay the price. He goes on to say that because fans are willing to pay higher prices, baseball players are able to command higher salaries. The silver lining in this cloud is that even with increasing ticket prices, MLB prices are still a bargain when compared to other professional sports (4).

On top of it all, the most recent MLB economic woe is the suggestion of the contraction of the leagues by two teams. This has only fueled the growing argument that large market teams will succeed while small market teams will not be able to survive. Certainly a detailed analysis on the cause and effect of the MLB demand, namely average MLB attendance, should reveal some insight into state of the business and might be used to predict the future behavior of MLB fans.

A literature search revealed two sources of regression analysis available to the public on the Internet (6). One model attempts to explain attendance as a function of salaries, ticket prices and the presence of a new stadium. The other model adds location to the mix (7). In this paper, a new model of average MLB attendance will be built including ticket price, team salary, location and economic factors other models have omitted. Finally, with a stable model of attendance in hand, MLB fans might be able to forget the business and concentrate on the seventh inning stretch while enjoying a good pennant race. In order to evaluate the most recent state of the business following the latest strike, data from 15 through 001 were used. The first model that was evaluated is a model that assumes average attendance is a function of the team¡¦s winning percentage, the number of All Stars, the number of awards, the total salary, the average ticket price, the distance to the next nearest MLB team, the annualized unemployment rate for the city, the disposable income and a dummy variable indicating the presence of a new stadium. For the purposes of this model, teams that either move into a new stadium or significantly remodel their existing stadium are given a value of 1.0 under the dummy variable for five years. The number of awards is a count of the actual awards a team accrues including such acknowledgements as the Cy Young Award, Rookie of the Year, Manager of the Year as well as many others.

Null hypotheses were developed for all of the independent variables and they were tested with the t-statistic using a one tailed test. The confidence interval used for the model evaluation was 5% (5% t-statistic significance). The following table summarizes the null hypotheses for the original model.

Variable Null Hyppothesis Description

Pct �GE 0 A team¡¦s winning percentage positively influences the average attendance

AllStars �GE 0 A team¡¦s number of All Star players positively influences the average attendance

Awards �GE 0 A team¡¦s number of awards positively influences the average attendance

Total Salary �GE 0 A team¡¦s total salary positively influences the average attendance

Ticket Price �LE 0 As average ticket prices increase, average attendance should decrease

Distance �GE 0 As the distance to the next alternative MLB team increases, average attendance increases

Unemployment �LE 0 As the city¡¦s unemployment rate increases, the average attendance decreases

Disposable Income �GE 0 As the average per capita state income increases, average attendance increases

New Stadium �GE 0 The presence of a new stadium increases average attendance

A second model was analyzed that also included one other independent variable. The previous year¡¦s attendance was added to compensate for the trend that typically teams that draw low numbers continually draw low numbers and teams that draw high numbers typically continue to draw high numbers. The hypothesis tested with the addition of this variable is tabulated.

Variable Null Hyppothesis Description

PrevAttend �GE 0 As a team¡¦s previous year¡¦s attendance increases, average attendance for the current year increases

Most of the MLB data in the model is annual per calendar year season. The unemployment rate for the city and the disposable per capita income were annualized for the model. Data for this model was limited to the MLB teams in the United States. There are two teams that are located in Canada. Data for the Toronto Blue Jays and the Montreal Expos were omitted for the simplicity of the model. Unemployment rate data was available for the Canadian cities, but that data was not published free of charge. The per capita disposable income and the average ticket price would have had to be converted annually to US dollars using the average exchange rate. For these reasons these teams were excluded from the data sets. A complete listing of the entire data used is included in Appendix B. A total of 10 data sets were evaluated in this model.The Initial Model

The first model that was analyzed to predict average MLB attendance was

Ave Attend = A + ��1 (Pct) + �(AllStars) + �(Awards) + ��4 (Total Salary) + ��5 (Ticket Price) + ��6 (Distance) + ��7 (UnEmployment) + ��8 (Disposable Income) + �(New Stadium)

Ind. Variable Coefficient Standard Error t-statistic

Intercept (A) 748.87 657.48 1.401

Pct (��1 ) 0178.6 5.7 .187

AllStars (�) 10.40 411.6 .178

Awards (�) 1.0 441.01 0.

Total Salary (��4 ) 0.00014 .756 E-05 5.708

Ticket Price (��5 ) 56. 184.7 0.05

Distance (��6 ) .40 .47 1.401

UnEmployment (��7 ) -76.5 48.5 -.086

Disposable Income (��8 ) -0.150 0.678 -0.561

New Stadium (�) 507.04 17.4 4.151

The full Microsoft Excel analysis of this model is included in Appendix C.

A logical evaluation of the model

The first step in evaluating the model is always to check to see if the model is logical. A check of the signs of the coefficients is evaluated to see if the direction of the impact of the independent variables makes sense. In this model two of the independent variables are suspect immediately. The average ticket price is the first independent variable that is not logical in the model. A positive coefficient on this variable would indicate that raising ticket prices would increase average MLB attendance. While this is not logical to the model, a previous discussion about teams pricing their tickets in the inelastic portion of the demand curve is supported. The second independent variable that is not logical to model is Disposable Income. The negative sign on the coefficient would suggest that as per capita Disposable Income decreases, average MLB attendance will increase. Again, this is not logical to the model. The coefficients for the remaining independent variables all reflect the direction of the null hypotheses developed in each case. These values make logical sense to the model.

Evaluation of the slope terms

The next step in evaluating the model is to determine whether the slope terms on all of the independent variables are significantly positive or negative. This is accomplished by testing the slope terms with a t-statistic. The t-statistic is calculated by subtracting the null hypothesis value from the coefficient and dividing by the standard error of the variable. The t-statistics are included in the evaluation table on page 7 for this model. These calculated t values are compared with the critical table value to see if they are significant. The critical t-statistic value for this model is 1.645. This is found by looking up the appropriate degrees of freedom (180= 10-(+1)) at �= .05 (one tailed test).

In this model, Awards, Ticket Price, Distance, and Disposable Income all do not have significant calculated t-values so the null hypotheses for these coefficients cannot be rejected. The other values of the t-statistic for Pct, AllStars, Total Salary, UnEmployment, and New Stadium are significant and the null hypotheses for these coefficients can be rejected. The alternative hypotheses for these coefficients are accepted.

The Explanatory Power of the Model

According to the regression statistics provided by Excel for this model, the adjusted R-squared value is 0.601. This means that the model can explain roughly 60% of the variation. While adjusted R-Squared values closer to 1.0 are more desirable in explaining models, this value is interpreted as a strong correlation between the dependent and the independent variables for the model. A graph of the actual verses the predicted values for this model is included in Appendix A.

Serial Correlation

Because the data for this model was annualized, no serial correlation is suspected. A check of the Durbin-Watson statistic verifies this with a value of .10. Typically the Durbin-Watson statistic is between 1.5 and .5 when there is no serial correlation of the data with an ideal value of .0.

Multi-Colinearity

The final check for the model is to evaluate the existence of multi-colinearity between the independent variables. This is done by evaluating the correlation coefficient matrix between the independent variables and looking for values above 0.7. The full correlation matrix Excel table is included in Appendix D. Pct has correlation values of 0.68 and 0.6 for AllStars and Awards. AllStars has a correlation coefficient of 0.57 with Awards. It is easy to see how these might be correlated as it would be suspected that a higher number awards and All Stars should mean a team has a higher winning percentage. But because none of these values are above the 0.7 threshold and because Awards has a non-significant t-statistic, the possible correlation in these variables will be ignored. The one significant correlation that does exist is between Ticket Price and Total Salary. While a discussion of ticket price has already concluded that teams typically price tickets at whatever the market will bear, it is evident by this correlation that teams tend to continue to raise ticket price in relationship to their total salary. This correlation, too, will be ignored since Ticket Price has already been targeted with a low t-statistic.

A Revised Model

With the analysis of the initial model in hand, another model was proposed to remove those independent variables that did not contribute to the overall prediction of average attendance. The revised model also included one other independent variable that might help increase the adjusted R-squared value and help with the overall explanatory value of the model.

The revised model that was analyzed to predict average MLB attendance was

Ave Attend = A + ��1(Pct) + ��(AllStars) + ��(Total Salary) + ��4(UnEmployment) + ��5(New Stadium) + ��6(PrevAttend)

Ind. Variable Coefficient Standard Error t-statistic

Intercept (A) -4118.75 675.78 -1.5

Pct (��1 ) 150.65 555.5 4.17

AllStars (�) 4. 70.6 1.586

Total Salary (�) 6.56E-05 1.7E-05 .660

UnEmployment (��4 ) -418.85 4.80 -1.86

New Stadium (��5 ) 171.5 77. .17

PreAttend (��6 ) 0.64 0.0416 15.6

Revised Model Evaluation

The logical nature of the revised model is in tact. The coefficients of Pct, AllStars, Total Salary, UnEmployment and New Stadium all stayed the same. PreAttend (Previous Year¡¦s Average Attendance) is positive suggesting that as a team¡¦s previous year average increases, the average attendance for the current year will increase as well. All of the slope terms are significant as each has t-values is greater than the critical t-statistic of 1.645. Every null hypothesis for each coefficient in the revised model can be rejected in favor of the alternative. The explanatory nature of the revised model is better with an adjusted R-squared value of 0.85. In the revised model, the model itself explains 8.5% of the error. The Durbin-Watson statistic for this revised data calculates to be 1.5. There should not be any serial correlation with annual data and the calculated statistic does confirm this. Durbin-Watson values between 1.5 and .5 suggest no serial correlation of the data. A final check for multi-colinearity can be performed by analyzing the correlation matrix in Appendix D. The two variables that are the closest to exhibiting multi-colinearity are Pct and AllStars. The calculated correlation coefficient between the two is 0.67. Values less than 0.7 are accepted and since this does make logical since, and because both are significant to the model, they will each be accepted as part of the revised model.

The revised model developed for Average MLB Attendance does meet all five criteria for evaluating a model outlined in class. The overall R-squared value explains greater than 80% of the variation in this model and by most accounts seems to be a reasonable fit of the data. With Major League Baseball attendance almost back to pre-strike levels, it seems this model could be useful in predicting the average attendance at Major League Baseball Games.

The intercept value at ¡V4118 merely shows a negative value when the actual data is interpolated back to zero. Since zero values for every independent variable are out of the reasonable realm of possibility, the intercept is accepted. The following table summarizes in somewhat real terms what the coefficients mean to the revised attendance equation.

Ind. Variable Coefficient Implication

Pct 160.65 For every percentage point a team can increase, they should get more fans on average

AllStars 4. Each All Star player on a team¡¦s roster contributes about 4 more fans on average

Total Salary 6.56E-05 For every $1 million dollars a team spends, they should average another 7 fans on average

UnEmployment -418.85 Each percentage point drop in the unemployment rate contributes about 41 more fans on average

New Stadium 171.5 The presence of a new stadium contributes about 1,71 more fans per game on average

PrevAttend 0.64 For every 1000 fans a team had on average in the previous year, the current year¡¦s average will be increased by 64 fans

It must be remembered that this model was built without using Canadian team data. This model should not be used to predict average attendance for those teams. The nature of the model is independent of the actual teams. Each data point was analyzed without regard for which team contributed to that data. Major League baseball has 0 teams now in varying markets with varying salary budgets. Teams who wish to aggressively increase their attendance numbers should develop a model for their particular circumstances including promotions and advertising spending.

It seems that building a new stadium will increase a team¡¦s attendance. Spending more money in player salaries should increase attendance as well. And as long as ticket prices are in some reasonable realm, raising ticket prices has little affect on average attendance. 1. Fisher, Eric (000, April 5). Baseball Ticket Prices Soar Out of the Park.

The Washington Times.

. Fisher, Eric (000, July v16 i5 p8). New Ball Parks Help Boost MLB Attendance. Insight on the News

. Lahman, Sean. (00) The Baseball Archive. Web Site http//www.baseball1.com

4. The Seattle Times (00, February 1) Ticket Prices Up, But Below Other Sports.

5. Shaikin, Bill. (1, April 1 p). Experts Say Demand, Not Higher Salaries, Drives Up Baseball Ticket Prices. Los Angeles Times.

6. Stoner, Brian. (000) A Model for Attendance at Major League Baseball Games. Downloaded /7/00. http//www.econ.washington.edu

7. Winfree, Jason A., McCluskey, Jill J., Mittelhammer, Ron C., Fort, Rodney (001, December 14) Location and Attendance in Major League Baseball. Downloaded /7/00. http//users.pullman.comPlease note that this sample paper on Finding free information is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Finding free information, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Finding free information will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Monday, August 19, 2019

Bottom the weaver

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Katharina or Kate, the shrew of William Shakespeare's The Taming Of The Shrew is sharp-tongued, quick-tempered, and prone to violence and violent outbursts, especially to anyone who tries to win her love. This is shown from the beginning in Act One with the scene among Hortensio and Gremio and her. When Gremio proclaims her "too rough" (I.i.55) and Hortensio claims that they want mates "of gentler, milder mould" (I.i.60), she strikes back with such words as "To comb your noddle with a three-legg'd stool and paint your face and use you like a fool." (I.i.64-65)

Her hostility and anger towards her suitors is infamous within the town of Padua. Her anger and rudeness actually hides her deep sense of insecurity, not to mention her jealousy towards her sister, Bianca. She speaks these words to her father; "What, will you not suffer me? Nay, now I see she is your treasure, she must have a husband; I must dance bare-foot on her wedding day and for your love to her lead apes in hell. Talk not to me I will go sit and weep till I can find occasion of revenge." (II.i.1-6). Clearly she is spiteful because he has more love for Bianca. They feel that she may become an old maid with no husband or children, and she herself believes it to be a possibility.

The Elizabethan era was a hard time for most women. When you are born and raised in a society that is male dominated, you have no choice but to come to terms with it. Mary Wroth states in her writings "a seventeenth-century woman was usually dependent on men for self-respect and survival, no matter what her talents or his feelings" (Swift 16). A woman of that time not only did not have the individuality and independence that we today take for granted, apparently she didn't even have rights to her own children. According to Mary Beth Rose of the Shakespeare Quarterly, "a mother had no legal rights over guardianship of her children unless explicitly appointed as guardian by her husband in his will…According to the law, in sum, the married woman did not exist" (Rose ).

Society's expectations concerning a woman's role in a marriage during Shakespeare's lifetime were that a woman should sacrifice her individuality in submission to her husband. Such a sacrifice is totally unacceptable to Katharina, who enjoys her independence.

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Most of Shakespeare's society believed that the woman should submit to her husband, and yet they did not necessarily expect the wife to sacrifice all of her independence and sense of self. "During the Renaissance the nature of womankind was a major topic of debate. Numerous dialogues, defenses, paradoxes, and tributes devoted to sustaining woman's excellence were published, and in them history was rewritten to include the achievements of womankind. Often these texts demonstrate that women are capable of acting with prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice, and thus are capable of being independent of male political and moral authority". (Benson 8)I imagine Katharina to be a very beautiful girl. But her foul temperament is offsetting to so many that she is known as an untamable shrew with no hope for marriage even in spite of her large dowry. The fact that Katharina's dowry is just as large as Bianca's has no bearing with the suitors Hortensio and Gremio, as shown in Act One, Scene Two says Hortensio, "why, man, there be good fellows in the world, an a man could light on them, would take her with all her faults, and money enough." (I.ii.14-16). To which Gremio replies, "I cannot tell; but I had as life take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high-cross every morning." (I.ii.17-18). He's basically saying that he'd rather be publicly beaten before marrying Katharina, money or not.

The dislike of Katharina by the townsfolk may be a natural reaction to her behavior. She is referred to as "Katharina the curst" (I.ii.1). People talk about her more than they listen to her, and with the accumulation of gossip comes more and more dislike of her. Some, like Hortensio and Gremio, speak about her in the third person rather than addressing her directly. Maybe they do this because they are terrified of what she would say back to them if they spoke directly to her.

If you look at the women in Shakespeare's plays such as Viola in Twelfth Night or Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing, you see that these women too are outspoken and independent, and the happy endings of those plays depended upon whether or not the men listened to what the women had to say. I think that Katharina's rage reflects her struggle to be seen as a person rather than an object.

The play shows that Katharina was tamed by Petruchio, but was she? Is it possible to change the behavior of a person in such a short amount of time? After all, she was very young and set in her ways. "What, shall I be appointed hours, as though belike I knew not what to take and what to leave? Ha!" (I.i.10-104). Her attitude would have taken much longer to adjust.

With these questions in mind, it is easy to assume that possibly she may have acted as if she were tamed in order to get everyone off of her back and also win a husband. This idea is not so far-fetched. Some plays today portray the character of Katharina winking over her shoulder after her speech in Act V. "Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, thy head, thy sovereign"(V.ii.146). Katharina is supposedly very intelligent, so it is possible that she only played the act of a tamed shrew.In Act Two, there is a turning point for Katharina when she fails to refute Petruchio's claim that they are engaged. In the beginning of the talk between Baptista, Gremio, Katharina, Tranio and Petruchio, she was steadfast in her will not to marry. "I'll see thee hang'd on Sunday first" (II.i.1). But Petruchio's persistence and his words pay off in the end. "We will have rings, and things, and fine array, and, kiss me, Kate, we will be married o'Sunday." (II.i.15-16). Her silence at the end of the scene is surprising. In the past, she has used her words to get her way and now that she is basically forced into the idea of marriage, something that will affect the remainder of her life, she is silent! Is the idea of having a husband and family what she is really after? I think so.The wedding between Katharina and Petruchio is a test of her patience with him. Although she supposedly doesn't want to marry him, she arrives on time. He, however, does not. For one to be left waiting at the altar is an embarrassing situation. Also, his refusal to allow her to enjoy the Bridal party is another embarrassing situation. He denies Kate her one day of happiness, mocking the idea of being a doting husband. "Nay, look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret; I will be master of what is mine own. She is my goods, my chattels; she is my house, my household stuff, my field, my barn, my horse, my ox, my ass, my any thing; and here she stands, touch her whoever dare; I'll bring mine action on the proudest he that stops my way in Padua. Grumio, draw forth thy weapon. We are beset with thieves. Rescue thy mistress, if thou be a man. Fear not, sweet wrench, they shall not touch thee, Kate! I'll buckler thee against a million (III.ii.8-). This kind of humiliation of a difficult wife was accepted in the Elizabethan Era. He enjoys mocking her and their marriage.

But, consider this, "if Petruchio were a female, he would be known as a shrew and shunned accordingly by men. Behavior desirable in a male automatically prohibits similar behavior in a female, for woman must mold herself to be complementary to man, not competitive with him" (Kahn 45).

Another theory is that maybe she was merely liberated in a sense by Petruchio's actions. In the movie version starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, the ending is presented with the widow and Bianca refusing to come at the request of their suitors. But Katharina does come out, to everyone's surprise. She comes out with Bianca under one arm and the widow under the other, forcefully, aggressively, just as a shrew would be expected to behave. If she were truly tamed, it is more likely that she would have come out alone and asked of her husband just what it was that he required of her. Maybe her true intentions are to be true to herself, having her own thoughts, ideas and opinions but also allowing herself to be more submissive to her husbands needs so that she doesn't die an "old maid".

Kate's proven herself to be capable of standing up to her father and other suitors. Surely, if she did not want to marry Petruchio, she wouldn't have. I think that she believes Petruchio to be less chauvinistic than many think. After all, in Act Three, Scene Two, he does give a different opinion of married life when Baptista asks him to change his clothes. "To me she's married, not unto my clothes. Could I repair what she will wear in me as I can change these poor accoutrements, 'Twere well for Kate and better for myself." (III.ii.110-11). His true feelings lie somewhere between wanting Kate to think that he demands total submission and truly wanting a lover, friend, wife. Somewhere along the line, I think that Kate picked up on this.

Whether she finds satisfaction in her relationship with Petruchio or she is simply playing the game with him is not known. We can only assume. Most likely, she does suspect that he is only trying to tame her with the best intentions. She indicates this when she says that he torments her "under name of perfect love," implying that the "name" and the reality do not always match (IV.iii.1). Maybe she just doesn't want to stand up to him at this point. After all, she is powerless with him and the shame of leaving him would be too great.

While frustration certainly plays a part in her final submission, she doesn't allow him to have his way with her out of desperation. After kissing him in the street she says, "Now pray thee love, stay" (V.i.1). She calls him "love", not in her usual tone, but with a true desire for his companionship despite his treatment of her.

Throughout the play, Kate accepted Petruchio's courting and taming although she could have denied him. This suggests that she says one thing and means another. Despite her resistance in the beginning, she now seems to see her marriage as a chance to find happiness and even a social status.

She has done what was needed to exist in her world. The life that she led while living with her father was one of unhappiness. By leaving and taking Petruchio as a husband, she is able to manipulate him with kindness. And Petruchio is happy to prove to his friends that he has successfully tamed "the shrew".

Kate's victory over Petruchio in the final scene is subtle, and as Bloom notes, "it requires a very good actress to deliver this set piece properly, and a better director than we tend to have now, if the actress is to be given her full chance, for she is advising women how to rule absolutely while feigning obedience"(Bloom ). "At the conclusion of the play, what we see is not a quiet and submissive Kate, but the same energetic and linguistically powerful Kate with which the play begins" (Newman 14).

Benson, Pamela. The Invention of the Renaissance Woman The Challenge of Female

Independence in the Literature and Thought of Italy and England. University Park,

Pa Pennsylvania State University Press, 1.

Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare The Invention of the Human. New York Penguin

Putnam, 18.

Boose, Lynda E. "Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds Taming the Woman's Unruly

Member." Shakespeare Quarterly 40. (11), 17-1.

Detmer, Emily. "Civilizing Subordination Domestic Violence and The Taming of the

Shrew." Shakespeare Quarterly 48. (17), 7-4.

Kahn, Coppelia. Coming of Age Marriage and Manhood in The Taming of the Shrew.

Critical Interpretations William Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew. Ed. Harold

Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 188. 41-51

Newman, Karen. Renaissance Family Politics and Shakespeare's The Taming of the

Shrew. Renaissance Historicism Selections from English Literary Renaissance.

Ed. Arthur F. Kinney and Dan S. Collins. Amhearst University of Massachusetts,

187. 11-145.

Rose, Mary Beth. "Where are the Mothers in Shakespeare? Options for Gender

Representation in the English Renaissance." Shakespeare Quarterly. 4. (11),

1-14.

Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Ed. Paul Negri, Adam Frost. New

York Dover Publications, 17.

Swift, Carolyn Ruth. Feminine identity in Lady Mary Wroth's Romance Urania

Women in the Renaissance Selections from English Literary Renaissance. Ed.

Farrell, Kirby, et al. Massachusetts University of Massachusetts Press, 171. 154-

174.

Works Cited, Continued

Websites

www.hofstra.edu/PDF/DD_SHREWstudyguide.pdf

www.nexis.com

www.shakespeare-online.com

www.shakespeare.org

Videos

The Taming of the Shrew. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Per. Elizabeth Taylor, Richard

Burton. Columbia Pictures, 167.Please note that this sample paper on bottom the weaver is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on bottom the weaver, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on bottom the weaver will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignmentcustom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Abc costing

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on abc costing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality abc costing paper right on time.

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INTRODUCTION

The last 10 years have brought substantial changes to the health care

industry. Managed care fee reimbursement structures have many physicians

working harder, but earning less. Costs for providing medical services have

increased, while payments for those services have decreased. Capitation has

shifted insurance risk to the medical practice, and many physicians and

administrators do not know how to adequately evaluate the performance of

their managed care contracts. To remain profitable in this environment, a

physician needs accurate cost information from which informed business

decisions can be made.

The health care industry can use techniques developed by manufacturing

companies to help them remain profitable, eliminate unnecessary costs and

plan for change. The growing demand for high-quality, low-cost products

led manufacturers to develop a methodology called activity-based costing,

or ABC. This technique identifies the relationship between an activity and

the resources needed to complete it. It then assigns costs to the resources

consumed by the activity. This technique can be effectively applied to a

medical practice. When a practice knows how much it costs to provide a

specific service, informed managed care decisions can be made.

Actuarial data can be used to predict procedure utilization, and through these

data, the number of procedures the practice will perform under the contract

can be estimated. Cost figures can be applied to these estimates for a

projection of how much it will cost the medical practice. The amount the

practice will receive can be compared with what the practice anticipates it

will cost to provide services . The difference will be profit or loss. Any

profitability estimate is a guess, but accurate cost information can make that

guess an educated one.

Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an accounting technique that

allows an organization to determine the actual cost associated with each

product and service produced by the organization. Activities can be defined

as a named process, function, or task that occurs over time and has

recognized results.

Activities use up assigned resources to produce products and

services. Inputs are transformed into outputs under the perimeters set by

controls performed by the organizations employees and their tools.

Activities can be perceived as consumers of resources in production of

materials, services, events, or information. Activities are the common

denominator between business process improvement and information

improvement. Documenting and understanding activities is necessary in

order to improve the business process, since activities are the building

blocks of business processes.

When employees understand the activities they perform, they

can better understand costs based on the activities. Traditional financial

information is reorganized by ABC into a form that makes sense to the

casual functional user; in addition to the usual information that tells them

how they spend money, it also tells them what to do with the money. This

ability to place costs on activities and their outputs provides a clear metric

for improvement, whether for determining improvement priorities in the

long-term or for measuring near-term success. ABC allows functional users

to characterizethe value of, or need for, each activity, getting rid of the waste

before automating (or reautomating) activities.

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) arose in the 180s from the

increasing lack of relevance of traditional cost accounting methods. The

traditional cost accounting methods were designed around 1870 - 10 and

in those days industry was labor intensive, there was no automation, the

product variety was small and the overhead costs in companies were

generally very low compared to today. However, from the 160s �

particularly 180s - this changed rapidly. For these reasons, and more,

traditional cost accounting has been called everything from number 1 enemy

of production and questions whether it is an asset or a liability have been

raised.

The question of course is whether ABC has overcome these deficiencies or

not? It has. In fact, ABC has been called one of the most important

management innovations the last hundred years.

So what is really the difference between ABC and traditional cost

accounting methods? Despite the enormous difference in performance, there

is only three major differences

In traditional cost accounting it is assumed that cost objects consume

resources whereas in ABC it is assumed that cost objects consume

activities.

Traditional cost accounting mostly utilizes volume related allocation

bases while ABC uses drivers at various levels.

Traditional cost accounting is structure-oriented whereas ABC is

process-oriented.

This is discussed in more detail in the subsequent sections and illustrated

below.

But first, the directions of the arrows are different because ABC brings

detailed information from the processes up to assess costs and manage

capacity on many levels whereas traditional cost accounting methods simply

allocate costs, or capacity to be correct, down onto the cost objects without

considering any cause and effect relations.

Consumption of resources versus consumption of activities

ABC acknowledges that you cannot manage costs, you can only manage

what is being done and then costs will change as a consequence. In

traditional cost accounting, however, the underlying assumption is that costs

can be managed, but as most managers have found out the hard way

managing costs is almost impossible.

The benefit of the ABC mindset is that it opens up for a much wider

array of measures when it comes to improving productivity. By investigating

systematically what is being done, i.e. the activities, one will not only be

able to identify surplus capacity if it occurs, but also lack of capacity and

misallocation of capacity. A result of this might be that costs are cut the

traditional way, but it might as well lead to a reallocation of capacity to

where it is most needed which will yield high productivity more effectively

than the traditional way.

Volume related allocation bases versus drivers at many levels

Due to the historic background of traditional cost accounting methods, they

tend to use direct labor - or other volume related allocation bases - for cost

assignment purposes. But as overhead has grown and new technologies have

come, it goes without saying that assigning costs based on only 5 - 15% (in

most companies) of total costs is highly risky. In fact, the incurred errors are

up to several hundred percent!

In ABC, however, costs are assigned according to the cause and effect

relationship between activities (the actual process) and cost objects, which is

captured using drivers. The drivers are therefore not allocation bases in the

traditional sense, although they work the same way mathematically - drivers

are estimates of actual cost behavior and can therefore also be used to

identify, or they are themselves, the critical cost factors. Because the drivers

are related to the actual processes, they occur on several levels. The four

most common levels are;

Unit level. Unit level drivers are triggered for every unit that is being

produced. For example, for a man and a machine that produces one

unit at a time, the associated direct labor will be a unit level cost

driver. This is therefore a volume related driver similar to the

traditional allocation bases.

Batch level. Batch level drivers are triggered for every batch

produced. A good example of that is production planning, because the

planning is done for each and every batch regardless of the size of the

batch. Here, number of batches can be a good driver.

Product level. Product level drivers are triggered for every product

regardless of the number of units and batches produced. These drivers

occur by the sole existence of a product. A good example of a driver

is the number of product development hours per product so that the

more product development hours a product triggers, the more product

development costs should be assigned to that product.

Facility level. Facility level driver are drivers that are not related to

the products at all. Costs that are traced by such drivers will therefore

be allocated to products and not traced. The difference between

allocation and tracing is that allocation is quite arbitrary whereas

tracing is based on cause and effect relations.

Hence, we see that the traditional usage of fixed and variable

costs is totally meaningless. In ABC, all costs are included. While we

discuss drivers it is important to mention that in ABC there are two types of

drivers w.r.t. cost assignment;

Activity drivers that keep track of how cost object behavior

influences activity levels, i.e., the level of activity for each activity.

Resource drivers that keep track of how the subsequent activity level

affects the resource consumption.

Before we continue it is important to mention that in early terminology

activity drivers were referred to as second stage cost drivers whereas

resource drivers were denoted first stage cost drivers. But it is evident that

the word cost driver is misleading in this context because activity- and

resource drivers do not tell what drives costs in the general case.

Therefore, in Activity-Based Management (ABM) a third type of drivers is

employed in addition to the two aforementioned drivers. This type of drivers

is called cost drivers and they are the underlying causes of costs of activities

and measured by non-financial performance measures. Today, the most

important of these measures can be presented in a Balanced Scorecard and

they represent the process view in ABM.

Structure-orientation versus process-orientation

Traditional costing systems are more concerned about the organizational

charts than the actual process. Traditional cost accounting systems are

therefore structurally oriented and the process view is completely missing

The result is that one cannot ask what needs to be done?, because the

process is unknown. The only questions such costing systems can give

answers to, although often off the mark, is what do we have at our disposal

to do the job?.

The latter question is a question of capacity, that is, how capacity is

managed. Capacity is measured as an expense and found easily in the

accounting system. The first question is a question of resource management,

because resources is what you need in order to do a job and measured as a

cost, but the resource measures can only be found by investigating the

processes.

Thus, because ABC is process-oriented and gathers information

from the processes it can be used to identify both what needs to be done?

and how to allocate resources most productively. ABC can therefore give

managers the ability to match the resource needs with the available capacity

as closely as possible, and hence improving productivity. From this we

understand that the structure oriented approach of traditional costing systems

gives no decision support in allocating capacity to match resource needs.

Over time this leads to cost inefficient organizations and poor profitability.

There is also another aspect to process-orientation; how ABC is used

and implemented. Because ABC can direct attention towards the causes of

costs (critical success factors) related to both cost objects and processes and

not to mention the cost of quality, ABC is viewed as more than a method for

cost accounting - it invites to a whole new way of management, such as;

The identification of critical success factors that enables continuous improvement of product- and process design.

The link between cost information and other information enables a much wider array of improvement strategies than traditionally acknowledged.

The identification of the cost of quality and the process-orientation in ABC open up for a very powerful link to Total Quality Management (TQM) where both ABC and TQM can realize their fullest potential.

From the above discussion it should be evident that not only is ABC useful

and powerful to any organization, but a need for companies that want to

excel, and efficiently and effectively increase their Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). As one marketing executive said This is revolutionary!.

Components of ABC

Before performing ABC, a baseline or a starting point is needed for

business process improvement , and a baseline can be expressed in some

form of model. A baseline is a documentation of the organizations or

agencys policies, practices, methods, measures, costs and their

interrelationships at a particular location at a particular point in time.

Through baselining, activity inputs and outputs across functional lines of

business can be identified. ABC is the only improvement methodology that

provides output or unit costs.

An important function of ABC is for the organizations activities to be

defined as value added or non-value added. Value added activities are those

for which the customers are usually willing to pay (in some way) for the

service. Non-value added are activities that create waste, result in delay of

some sort, add costs to the product/s, or for which the customer is not

willing to pay.

Resources are assigned to activities to allow them to be conducted;

performing the activity results in a cost that can be priced, which can be

assigned to the primary output. It is through ABC, that an organization can

begin to see actual dollar costs against individual activities, and find

opportunities to streamline or reduce the costs, or eliminate the entire

activity, especially if there is no value added.

Steps for Performing ABC

Functional Managers identifies five activities that need to occur in order to

determine activity costs

Analyze Activities

. Gather Costs

Trace Costs to Activities

4.Establish Output Measures

5. Analyze Costs

Analyze Activities

First the scope of the activities to be analyzed must be identified. A

determination then is made if an activity is value or non-value added; also if

the activity is primary or secondary, and required or not needed. Value

added is determined if the output of the activity is directly related to

customer requirements, service or product, as opposed to an administrative

or logistical outcome that services the providing organization. For instance,

if the output of an activity were an inventory report or update for products

(for which there are customers), the output would be non-value added, but

necessary to the organization, i.e., overhead. A major goal of

reengineering is to reduce non-value added activities and eliminate those

that are not necessary. Primary activities directly support the organizations

mission while secondary activities support primary activities. Required

activities are those that must always be performed while discretionary

activities are performed only when allowed by the operating management.

Gather Costs

In this step costs are gathered for the activity producing the products or

services provided as the outcome. These costs can be salaries, expenditures

for research, machinery, office furniture, etc. These costs are used as the

baseline activity costs. When documents for the costs incurred are not

available, cost assignment formulas may be used.

Trace Costs to Activities

In this step the results of analyzing activities and the gathered organizational

inputs and costs are brought together, which produces the total input cost for

each activity. A simple formula for costs is provided - outputs consume

activities that in turn have consumed costs associated with resources. This

leads to a simple method to calculate total costs consumed by an activity �

multiply the percent of time expended by an organizational unit, e.g.,

branch, division, on each activity by the total input cost for that entity. Here

we are not calculating costs, just finding where they come from.

Establish Output Measures

In this step the actual activity unit cost is calculated. Even

though activities may have multiple outputs, only one is identified as the

primary output. Activity unit cost is calculated by dividing the total input

cost, including assigned costs from secondary activities, by the primary

activity output volume; the primary output must be measurable and its

volume or quantity obtainable. From this, a bill of activities can then be

calculated which contains or lists a set of activities and the amount of each

activity consumed. The amount of each activity consumed is extended by the

activity unit cost and is added up as a total cost for the bill of activity.

Analyze Costs

In the final step, the calculated activity unit costs and bills of

activity are used to identify candidates for improving the business processes.

Managers can use the information by stratifying the activity costs and

identifying a certain percentage of activities that consume the majority of

costs. The thing to keep in mind is that the identification of non-value added

activities occurs through this process with a clarity that allows us to

eliminate them, and at the same time permits the product or service to be

provided to the customer with greater efficiency.

ORGANISATION PROFILE

Established in the year 188, Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre

now has 1050 beds with a full spectrum of clinical activities providing hi-

tech and comprehensive medical care. This ten lakh sq. ft hospital building

has been planned to include all services to patients under one roof and to

serve the cross section of the community. There is a good distribution of free

patients, heavily subsidised ones and the ones who will pay for the services

in full. The medical care itself is uniformly monitored to establish

predictable levels of care that will reach every patient

In general Out patient services are provided in a wide spread area

with all the facilities supervised and managed by consultants. Close to ,000

out-patient visits are recorded everyday. Where free medical consultations,

prescriptions medicines and laboratory service are given free.

In addition to the OP services, Ambulatory private clinic is available for

consultants to see private patients or patients referred by industries and

affiliate organisations. Here patients are seen by consultants and when

necessary admitted to the private wards. The services are offered on a fee for

service basis.

Quality health care is being provided by a team of committed,

highly qualified, experienced consultants. The daily charges are affordable

and a wide choice by way of room rent from Rs. 150 per day to Rs.1500 is

available. These charges include the room charges and nursing care. Special

arrangements have been made for nutritious food to be served hygienically

at bed side.

The hospital offers full range of surgical services with qualified

consultants addresses a variety of emergency and elective problems.

Specialists in surgery in every area like hepatobiliary, pancreas, liver and

intestine including surgical oncology are available on a full time basis.

Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery has gained a special reputation in

this institution. The department of general surgery is organized into seven

clinical units, each unit having one chief, two assistants and one registrar.

The blalock OT is assigned to the general surgery units for all five days from

Monday to Friday.

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Wednesday, August 14, 2019

Dreams

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Not only do dreams offer a private means to explore inner reality and to gain unique, undeniable, personal experiences, but there is overwhelming evidence that they can be used to improve waking life, often immeasurably, supporting Shakespeares age-old claim by MacBeth that they are chief nourishers in lifes feast. Dreams offer opportunities for fun, adventure, wish fulfillment, creativity, deep personal insight and healing, and all this at no cost and with no line-ups!

Dream Incubation, Healing & Guidance

As far back as recorded history and probably further, dreams have been employed for guidance and healing. The dream temples of ancient Greece are a classic example where the ill would perform a sacred ritual and sleep in a specialized healing temple. The Greek god Asklepios would often appear in a visionary dream, perform a symbolic operation, and the seeker would awaken healed or having received guidance. Closer to home, many native American tribes such as the Ojibwa of the Great Lakes, have expanded their use of incubation beyond healing. Young adults would embark upon a dream or vision quest into the wilderness as a rite of passage into adulthood and would fast and pray until the anticipated dream was received. Blessed by the dream with guidance or revelations about latent personal talents, the youths would return to the tribe with the responsibility to apply and share their gifts for the benefit of the community.

The process of incubation is the basis for all the applications that follow. Although perhaps a forgotten art in our culture, it is innate and neither esoteric nor difficult, and often operates automatically as we fall asleep with a problem in mind. How often have you heard a friend with a pending decision, problem or question say, Let me sleep on it?

Custom Essays on dreams

To consciously incubate a dream, simply hold your question or problem clearly in mind as you prepare for sleep. Then ask (rather than command) yourself to have and clearly remember a dream which reveals the answer as either an insight, an actual experience, or both. In the morning, record any dreams or thoughts which you have upon waking for later reflection. The answer may be obvious or may not be immediately apparent, but trust that the process is working and try to put any insights you get into practice. This last step often involves drawing upon courage and self-discipline to face personal fears and/or overcome present personal limitations, but is important, as explained by the following analogy if you ask someone for a gift and they grant your wish, they wont be overly impressed or nearly as generous next time if you lose, ignore or forget about it, so try to maintain a grateful appreciation for having received such guidance and it will likely promote further insight and future success.

After learning about dream incubation, I suggested to myself to have a healing dream since Id been feeling drained of energy for some time and had a bad cold coming on, which is unusual for me. I dreamt that the pores of my legs opened and ugly leeches oozed out. I awoke feeling much better. I never did find out exactly what it represented, but it sure worked. (M.S., Palo Alto, CA)

Im a triathlete. After an important, upsetting race where I biked and ran well below my capability, I decided to incubate a dream about it. After a week of focusing, I remembered this dream Im with my coach discussing how I was so tight and cramped during the race. He suggests regular sports massages for the racing season and says he knows a guy who could do it. When I awoke and phoned him, he confirmed the dream and connected me with his massage therapist. A few weeks later I won my first major race, becoming the New England Long Course Champion. Two weeks after that, I qualified for the World Championships in Hawaii. (R.C., Montreal, QC)

A new relationship came into my life, except that communication suddenly broke off for a few days, so I asked for guidance from my dream as to whether this relationship would be healthy for me. That night, I dreamt I was trying to talk to my new boyfriend on the phone. The connection kept getting cut off his because his end of the line was made of many small bits of phone wire poorly patched together. The dream confirmed my feeling that keeping good communication with this new partner might prove difficult. On top of that, he even told me when he finally called a few days later that he wasnt yet ready to be close to anyone. (S.L., Montreal, QC)

Resolving Nightmares, Anxiety Dreams & Recurring Dreams

Almost everyone has experienced one or more dreams that contain anxiety or outright fear. These experiences can be quite traumatic or become recurrent. For some, unpleasant dreams or nightmares repeat in actual content. For others, the content may change while the theme remains the same, such as scenes of falling, or of being pursued or attacked, of being late or unprepared for class, a presentation or an exam. Some people even dream of being stuck in slow motion and unable to move, or of being naked in public, to name a few common themes. Research has shown that most recurring dreams are described as being unpleasant. Furthermore, many dream theories converge in their view that this type of experience is associated with lack of progress by the dreamer to recognize and solve related conflicts in life.

Fear of nightmares from early in life, or other anxieties or misguided beliefs about dreams and the unconscious can block dream recall, but this can usually be overcome by learning about the useful nature of dreams and by recognizing that many nightmares, like a bitter but quite necessary medicine, represent opportunities for healing and insight, and can warn of psychological imbalances that we need to remedy, or of current behaviors or decisions which may soon become detrimental unless we change them, as exemplified in this dream by Stanford University pioneer sleep researcher Dr. William Dement

Some years ago I was a heavy cigarette smoker, up to two packs a day. Then one night I had an exceptionally vivid and realistic dream in which I had inoperable cancer of the lung. I remember as though it were yesterday looking at the ominous shadow in my chest X-ray and realizing that the entire right lung was infiltrated. I experienced the incredible anguish of knowing my life was soon to end, that I would never see my children grow up, and that none of this would ever have happened if I had quit cigarettes when I first learned of their carcinogenic potential. I will never forget the surprise, joy, and exquisite relief of waking up. I felt I was reborn. Needless to say, the experience was sufficient to induce the immediate cessation of my cigarette habit.

Fortunately, there exist treatments for nightmares that do not involve medication and which have shown to be remarkably effective. Some of the most effective techniques presently being used in psychotherapy include voice dialogue work, dream lucidity, guided imagery, dream rehearsal.

Dream lucidity is a subject of current research with doctors at Montreals SacrCoeur Hospital Dream and Nightmare Laboratory. The lucid dreaming approach for resolving nightmares is demonstrated the following typical integration dream

After many recurring nightmares where Im pursued by some terrifying figure, I learned of lucid dreaming and had the following dream Im in a frantic car chase with the pursuer right behind me. Swerving into a lot, I bolt out of the car and run with him hot on my heels. Suddenly, the scene seems familiar and I realize that Im dreaming, though the parking lot and trees still seem more real than ever. Drawing upon every ounce of courage that I have, I swirl to face my pursuer, repeating to myself that its only a dream. Still afraid, I scream at him, You cant hurt me! He stops, looking surprised. For the first time I see his beautiful, loving eyes. Hurt You? he says. I dont want to hurt you. Ive been running after you all this time to tell you that I love you! With that, he holds out his hands, and as I touch them, he dissolves into me. I awake filled with energy, feeling great for days. The nightmare never returned. (M.R.,San Jose,CA)

A Rich Source of Creativity

Dreams have long proven themselves to be storehouses of creativity and may in fact be the well from which imagination springs. With dream incubation and the new opportunities presented by lucid dreaming, artists, musicians, dancers, sculptors, and inventors are able to dive deep into the source of inspiration and explore the vast reaches of their own creative potential by meeting face to face with the unconscious. The increased clarity and directable nature of the lucid state often enables the dreamer to return awake laden with creative insights.

A few example dream-inspired works are The Beatles well-known hit Yesterday, Samuel Taylor Coleridges famous poem Kubla Khan, Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Other artists who credit dreams as a source of inspiration include composers Sting, Peter Gabriel, Robert Palmer, Mozart, and Beethoven, poet-painter William Blake, painter Paul Klee, and screenwriters Judith Guest and Ingmar Bergman, to mention but a few.

A Valuable Problem-Solving Tool

The tale is now famous of how, after an embarrassing slump, golfer Jack Nicklaus claims to have solved a problem with his golf swing within a dream, which subsequently improved his game by ten strokes -- overnight! There are undoubtedly plenty more undocumented examples spread over history, but some well-documented ones include the dream-inspired experiment and resulting discovery of the chemical mediation of nerve impulses by Otto Leowi, which won him a Nobel prize, Elias Howes discovery of the sewing machine, many of Thomas Edisons inventions and Friedrich Kekul�s discovery of the structure of the benzene ring from a hypnagogic dream where he saw a snake swallowing its tail. Said an excited Kekulto his colleagues, Let us learn to dream!

Physical & Professional Skill Rehearsal

Young children, especially babies, spend more time in REM sleep than do adults. In these stages of intense physical and mental development, some researchers believe were actually practicing how to talk, walk and perform other physical and mental skills while we dream, suggesting that this may be one of the innate functions of dreaming.

German psychologist and lucid dream researcher Paul Tholey used dream work in his training of the German Olympic ski jumping team. He had the skiers learn lucid dreaming so that they could creatively experiment with new maneuvers, without risk of injury, and gain confidence in the most believable virtual environment available -- the world of dreams.

Dreams are also beginning to be used in this regard for improving business, and professional performance

After nursing school, I dreamed how I would manage a cardiac arrest and most anything stressful in my new career. I can make myself dream just about anything that I need to practice before doing it. (C.A., Jacksonville, FL)

A medical student reported this lucid dream Before I went to sleep, I was mulling over the ways in which I could present my internship experience to my classmates. While dreaming, and knowing I was dreaming, I wheeled a cart of stuff into the classroom, set it up, and did a wonderful presentation. I saw overheads outlining my talk, slides, posters - everything I would need. When I awoke, it was clear how I should organize and present the material, so I did, and it went beautifully. (M.K., Wildwood Crest, NJ)

Fun, Exploration, Wish Fulfillment, Personal Growth & Illumination

Dreams provide what star trek fans might call a nightly holodeck experience or what hi-tech buffs might see as the ultimate virtual reality, where there is no limit to graphics resolution, computing power or on-line storage. In dreams and in lucid dreams especially, where the world avails itself to the desires of the dreamer, adventure and intrigue are almost guaranteed because the usual laws of physics and of society no longer apply, and many of the apparent blocks set by age, sex, race or religion simply fall away. In dreams we can be the hero of our own adventure, find romance, fly, travel through solid objects, breathe underwater, and perform feats free from embarrassment, peer pressure, monetary limits, and even physical handicaps. The boundaries of imagination are the only limits. One can even follow in the footsteps of Tibetan monks who master lucid dreaming as a spiritual illumination stepping stone on the path to enlightenment.

All my life Ive taken wondrous adventures upon the wings of my imagination while dreaming. I have flown many nights, talked to bears, dogs, raccoons, and owls; I have swum with dolphins and whales, breathing underwater as if I had gills (L.G. Chico, CA)

I suddenly realize Im dreaming from the surprise and excitement of recognizing that Ive become a salmon swimming upstream! Leaping high into the air, I climb a series of chutes. Then I flip up onto the shore and the flipping sensation feels so odd that I soon awaken. (W.D., Palo Alto, CA)

Falling asleep, I remember wondering what truly knowing myself would be like. Dreaming, I become aware of this incredible, indescribably powerful Love Light. The thought comes that there is no power like it - its absolutely non-judgmental, and dwarfs every worry or desire Ive ever had. It is peace and simplicity and well-being. It includes sexuality but encompasses far more. Basking in what feels like an ocean of grace, I soon realize that Im not looking at it, but rather that I AM it, recognizing myself. (C.W., Palo Alto, CA)

Dream Research, Sleep Disorders & Science of Dreams

In 15, Eugene Aserinsky of the University of Chicago noticed that the eyes of sleeping babies moved beneath their eyelids at certain regular intervals. This led to the discovery of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep periods, which occur at roughly 60-0 minute intervals throughout the night and which contain the dreams which are the most vivid and most often remembered. Since then, EEG (electroencephalogram) recordings, which monitor brain activity during sleep, have been used to map the various stages of sleep. These states are classified roughly into sleep onset (hypnagogia or stage 1), non-REM sleep (deep sleep or stages ,, and 4), and REM (or paradoxical) sleep.

Nightmares, Anxiety Dreams & Recurring Dreams

Fortunately, there exist treatments for nightmares that do not involve medication and which have shown to be remarkably effective, such as those being taught through The DREAMS Foundation and researched at the SacrCoeur Hospital Dream and Nightmare Laboratory. Some of the most effective techniques include voice dialogue work, dream lucidity, guided imagery and dream rehearsal.

Sleep-Related Disorders

Other than nightmares, there are various sleep disorders which affect significant portions of the population. Insomnia, the inability to fall asleep or get enough sleep, affects up to 0% of people. It is often triggered by stress and results in worrying that inhibits proper sleep. Sleep apnea, actual lapses of breathing during sleep (mainly during REM sleep), is another common disorder often connected with obesity and/or intense snoring which results in excessive sleepiness during the day. It is harder to diagnose outside of the lab because the patients asleep while it happens and has little way of knowing about the source of the trouble (though devices have now been developed for home diagnosis). Sleep Paralysis is relatively common though rarely as a severe disorder. It occurs during sleep when a person partially awakens but is completely unable to move for some period after waking. It can be somewhat frightening, though there is no particular danger involved.

Parasomnias are a class of disorders which include nightmares (which often occur during long REM periods), sleep walking and sleep talking, bed-wetting, body rocking during sleep onset and teeth grinding (which all occur during non-REM sleep, the latter often being identifiable by worn down teeth or a sore jaw). Night terrors are also in this class, and differ from nightmares in that they occur during non-REM sleep and are usually very intense so that the sleeper awakes in panic, often screaming, with heart pounding, and with less recall of dream content.

Narcolepsy, often connected with sleep paralysis and vivid, frightening dreams at sleep onset, is characterized by irresistible daytime sleep attacks and collapsing at the onset of strong emotions (known as cataplexy) while remaining conscious (and so should not be confused with fainting).

Four blind beggars come upon an elephant and share their experience. It's much like a snake, says one by the elephant's trunk. Not at all, replies the second, pushing against the elephant's leg, it's large and solid like a temple pillar. You're both mistaken, says the third, holding its tail, it is just like a rope. How can this be? asks the fourth man, feeling its ear, when to me it seems identical to a rug.

Interestingly, all four are correct, yet even all their experiences put together does not give anywhere near a complete picture of what an elephant is. And so it is with dreams. In saying that the reason for dreams is this or that, or that they mean such and such, we often limit our overall experience of them. This is not to say that many very true, insightful and useful dream theories and methods don't exist, but rather to give a hint of perspective on the incredibly vast, diverse, and enigmatic nature of the what, why, and how of dreams.

In line with our analogy, renown European physician Dr. Sigmund Freud, with his focus on phallic imagery and repressed wishes in dreams, perhaps had the proverbial elephant by the balls. Though quite true that male and female elements appear in dreams, and that dreams often bring up strong connections with our desires or have emotional roots our childhood, Freud's is but one viewpoint. Carl Jung, perhaps the best known contemporary of Freud's, put forth some very insightful frameworks for understanding the symbolism and nature of dreams, including his concepts of universal personality archetypes and the collective unconscious. Yet Jung himself wrote, I have no theory about dreams. I do not know how dreams arise. I am altogether in doubt as to whether my way of handling dreams deserves the name 'method'. I share all my readers' prejudices against dream interpretation as being the quintessence of uncertainty and arbitrariness. But on the other hand, if we meditate on a dream sufficiently long and thoroughly…something almost always comes of it. Jung added that this something is rarely of rational, scientific nature, but rather a practical and important hint which shows the patient in what direction the unconscious is leading him. Jung observed that dreams perform restorative, corrective, compensatory, prophetic and developmental roles in the psyche and believed that we must be ready at any moment to construct and entirely new theory of dreams.

Dream Analysis vs. Dream Integration

Rather than lumping all importance on analysis or having to figure out what a dream might mean, it helps to see dreams as experiences valid on their own. Experiences which can be cultivated organically whose roots delve into the rich depths of the psyche as they stem outward into the light of conscious awareness and begin forming their leaves of thought. Truly, they are an art form of the soul for creative self-expression, self-discovery and self-healing, and much benefit and fulfillment comes simply by remembering, writing, tape-recording, sharing, painting, enacting or otherwise birthing them into the physical world. It can be greatly worthwhile to harvest the dream fruits of personal insight and practical guidance, yet every dream affects us physiologically, emotionally, psychologically, and/or spiritually, and becomes part of our being, changing us regardless of whether we make any logical waking connections or not. Even when we spot such connections, it can be limiting to assume that this was the sole 'point' of the dream, and therefore drop further exploration or creative expression; carrying away golden coins, we may miss the priceless and treasured jewel fashioned or concealed within the chest itself. Psycholigist/author Jill Mellick goes as far as to say that the long term effects of dry interpretation can too often preserve the piece in intellectual formaldehyde when it could have led a long and vi Why are Dreams so Weird?

Wow, I had the weirdest dream last night, is a phrase I hear often. Rarely do I get, Oh I had this normal dream, yet if someone began speaking Sanskrit, we would also find that it sounded strange, unless wed taken the time to learn the vocabulary, grammar, mythology, and culture of the Sanskrit language. So it is with dreams, granted that we take time to learn the language of symbols, the associative logic of dreams and some principles and differences of sleeping and waking consciousness.

Dreams generally speak in a multi-dimensional language of feelings, images and multi-level associations rather than linear words and concepts. Says author Bernie Siegel, M.D., While our minds and our bodies communicate constantly with each other, most of this exchange occurs on an unconscious level. That's why I often advise patients to start recording dreams, because the body cannot speak except by using symbols.

Dreams often come as series, throughout the night, for a few nights in a row, and/or within some natural cycle of weeks or seasons. They are also intimately interconnected with events in the dreamers life, and often even with events that are yet to occur (which can make literal interpretation a challenge). Edgar Cayce wisely insisted that one should interpret the dreamer and not just the dream alone. Trying to understand a single isolated dream without any life context or a look at other dreams can be like trying to understand a weekly show from a single episode�not pointless, but quite possibly incomplete.

The dreams that are meant to assist you in waking life, hence which are the most important to contemplate, understand and act upon are recurring dreams, nightmares, and dreams which youve asked for or incubated. Otherwise, any dream which impacts you strongly or sticks with you clearlyespecially the dream you remember just before getting up in the morningalong with dreams or dream fragments which spontaneously come to you later in the day, are the ones that your unconscious is trying to bring to your conscious attention. Dreams which have a powerful positive impact and leave you feeling uplifted, inspired or even completely awestruck can be understood, but better yet they can be integrated and have their beneficial impact magnified if you express them creatively (as with this issue's exercise) by allowing them to blossom into a poem, painting, story, dance, song, collage, sculpture, or other art form. This same technique is also an excellent type of art therapy to express the fear and difficult feelings from less pleasant dreams.

Note the level of the psyche from which dreams come, which tends to be deeper at the start of the night (and often weirder) and closer to our waking awareness as morning approaches (dreams which are more likely to lend themselves to conscious understanding). Look first for simple practical advice about our daily routine such as diet, exercise, and challenges you face at school, work or in your relationships, yet trust that deeper issues are likely also undergoing resolution.

Your own gut feeling is always the best source to trust for understanding your dreams, and should also have the last word as to whether any interpretation is valid. As the Sufi saying goes, only a fool takes the words of another over his own experience. This said, dreams are often meant for sharing and its a practice I heartily encourage when done in a supportive, non-judgmental environment. Clear insights often pop up simply in the telling, and interestingly, these vary in the presence of different people. Sharing a dream not only refreshes it in your memory and gives you a chance to gain insights while viewing it more objectively, but you may also begin to glimpse how the source from which dreams come is so wise that it knows in advance who you will meet on any given day and often cooks up dreams that are also of benefit, if not sometimes mainly intended for those you later share them with. When sharing a dream, or especially when listening to someone else share a dream, take special note of body language, face expressions and voice intonation/fluctuation since these often reflect related unconscious elements.brant life. Some Universal Dream Symbolism Tips - An Online Dream Dictionary...of Sorts

While interpretation is not the only tool for working with dreams, it can be very useful and fun to boot. Here are some guidelines to ponder. Keeping a collection of self-interpreted personal symbols can be quite helpful, but when it comes to using a dream dictionary, remember that every dreamer is unique and each dream dependent not only upon whats going on in life at the time, but also upon age, religion, upbringing, language, sex, culture, political, social, and seasonal climate and particularly upon the individual's inte ret&beliefs.Lucid Dreaming & Dream Consciousness

Top books on lucid dreaming | How to have lucid dreams

Although science has proven that we all dream every night, many people often remember no dreams at all, and even when they do, it is almost exclusively upon awakening, after the fact.

Lucid dreams are uniquely different. One realizes that one is dreaming while the dream is still happening. The scene often suddenly expands in richness and color as the dreamer becomes aware that the world being experienced, although appearing utterly real and believable, is only a dream and that she or he is actually safe asleep in bed. With this new understanding, the lucid dreamer is free to explore remarkable worlds limited only by imagination, and now not just as an actor, but also to some degree as a producer and director.

Please note that this sample paper on dreams is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on dreams, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on dreams will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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