Plato's Republic vs. 1984

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Philosophy could be defined as the highest level of true clarity and understanding human thought can aspire to. It would thus seem strange to compare the ideal philosophical kingdom of Plato's Republic with George Orwell's 184. Plato's writings form the cornerstone of Western philosophy, while Orwell's text tells of a totalitarian society where all free thought is stifled. However, the two men's versions of government, one utopian, the other horrific, spanning centuries of time, contain certain connections that will be elucidated over the course of this paper.

Both writers focus on a society in which repression is one of the main functions of government. Plato views this repression in a positive fashion, Orwell in a negative fashion. Plato and Orwell both illustrate a society in which power is held by a few, by individuals deemed to be superior, and a place where truth, rather than encouraged, is stifled for fear of the discord and the danger it will bring to society. The greater good Plato attempts to uphold through this oppression, however, is higher philosophical understanding in the mind of the human animal. In contrast, the focus of the repression detailed in Orwell's society is that of protecting the security of the nation against others.

The repressive quality of Plato's society is presented in an apparently reasonable fashion in the Second Book of the Republic. Plato, through the mouth of Socrates, suggests in an ideal society, all individuals should be relegated to doing what they are best at doing. Well, we forbade our shoemaker to try his hand at farming or weaving or building and told him to stick to his last, in order that our shoemaking should be well done. (..75.b-c, p.14) Those who are best at a certain occupation ought to be the only ones who do that occupation. This apparently reasonable justification, however, is really being used as a defense that those who are best at something, such as governing, ought to be the only ones who rule. Thus democracy is bad because it allows all to have a voice in the state's future, as opposed to merely those who are deemed most fit to govern. Democracy, in Plato's view is a bit like having individuals who are shoemakers herd sheep. Of course, in practice, this apparently reasonable prohibition results in the state prohibiting a shoemaker from herding sheep if that shoemaker wishes to try his hand at a different occupation, of making a different personal choice. It also begs the question�who is to chose those who are best at governing? Who decides who is the best at making a decision for all?

Plato creates a division in humanity. He suggests there is an elite group of individuals, known as the Guardians, who will serve as the protectors and governors of this new, perfect world he is attempting to create. [T]here are natures which combine the qualities we thought incompatible…In different kinds of animal, but particularly in the watch-dog to which we have compared our Guardian. For you must have noticed that it is a natural characteristic of a well-bred dog to heave with the utmost gentleness to those it is used to and knows, but to be savage to strangers?' (.75.e, p.17) These Guardians will be selected because of their unique, superior natures (savage and intelligent, yet gentle at times) and raised as an elite.

In Book Three, Plato continues, explaining the education these rulers will receive. Then it seems that our first business is to supervise the production of stories, and choose only those we think suitable, and reject the rest. We shall persuade mothers and nurses to tell our chosen stories to their children, and by means of them to mould their minds and characters which are more important than their bodies. The greater part of the stories current today we shall have to reject. (.77.e., p.11)

This division of society into classes is reminiscent of 184's division between the highly controlled upper classes, of whom the protagonist Winston is a member of, and the 'proles' or lower classes, whom are largely uncontrolled in terms of their thoughts, except through state-sanctioned ignorance. It was only an 'opeless fancy, /It passed like an Ipril dye, /But a look an'a word an' the dreams they/They 'ave stolen my 'eart awye! This driveling song reflects Winston and Julia, had outlived the 'Hate Song' created by the elite powers to perpetuate their regime. (180) If there was hope, it lay in the proles! Winston thinks this because unlike the culture of the children of his own class, the culture of the proles has been allowed to remain relatively intact. (181)

The class divisions in the society of 184, like the class divisions of Plato's Republic in theory, are based on merit rather than upon birth. This 'merit' is determined by examination, taken at the age of sixteen, much as Plato's Guardian class is determined by recognition by adults of the current the governing classes. (17) Yet the governing class is still an oligarchy. A ruling group is a ruling group so long as it can nominate its successors. The Party is not concerned with perpetuating its blood but with perpetuating itself. (17) It is concerned with perpetuating the ideology that allows it to remain in power. The pervasiveness of this ideology in the minds of the elite rulers is evidenced in the fact that Julia, Winston's younger lover, although she harbors seditious thoughts, still has little sense of the division between fact and fiction. She has known nothing else than the state-sanctioned lies of her culture. She believed, for instance, having learnt it at school, that the Party had invented airplanes. (17) This is evidence of the power, acknowledged by Plato, of what can occur when the state or some outside, governing entity has power over the stories told to children when they are very young. This power is even more sinister and more blatantly in evidence in 184 by the spectacle of children gleefully informing upon their parents and neighbors. The child's loyalty is not to blood or love, but to the state and to their class and status in the hierarchy

The society of 184 is utterly dependent upon lies. The state continually feeds its citizens different versions of the truth, of who is an ally and who is an enemy, of how the war is going, and expects its ignorant and fearful citizenry to swallow these constantly differing truths as whole. Even language is a lie. The populace must accept that the Ministry of Truth solely created to alter information for propagandistic consumption is always right, even when it changes its story from day to day. In the world of 184 even language is a lie. The contradiction that Ignorance is Strength and that War is Peace is accepted because that is what is disseminated throughout the society�if the lie is large enough, people believe it. The inner self of belief is controlled, the inner self that is of such concern for Plato in Book Five of the Republic, through the outer policing of action. In part five of Book Four, Plato even states Our whole object was to steep them in the spirit of our laws like a dye. (4.40.a, p.00)

Plato claims that the purpose of his Republic shall be truth. Children shall be told monitored myths, carefully edited so that no fantastic acts of the gods, for instance, are passed on to the next generation. we must forbid anyone who writes a plat about the sufferings of Niobe…to say they are acts of god, (.80.a, p.15) Yet as is evident from his policing of the expression of individuals, his society would be dependent upon censorship to function. The individual's expression, even to the individual's own children, would be so controlled that freedom of thought and speech would be impossible. Truth was not the objective of the society delineated in 184, but the determination of truth in Plato's Republic is formed by such a narrow oligarchy that it would seem free debate would be an impossibility, deemed a luxury only for the individuals in control of the society. And for those individuals to maintain their control, it would be in their interests to keep society and even perhaps their own philosophical within quite narrow terms, for that society to continue to function intact.

At the end of 184, it is revealed that even those leading the repressive regime know the absurdity of what they do, yet continue to maintain the lies because they believe lies are necessary for society to function. Human life is misery, yet O'Brien's insistence that four is five is considered a necessary misery for the world to continue. Plato seeks truth yet the limits he creates for a society designed to protect and disseminate philosophical truth seem so frighteningly limited that four becoming five seems like the inevitable outcome of the restrictions he imposes.

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Athlete's and Steroids

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The major social problem in which I decided to use is Steroid abuse and the Athlete. The first article I used is "Abusing Anabolic Steroids"; this article discussed the facts of steroids and their effects. Some athletes over abuse steroids by taking hundreds of milligrams a day. This is called mega dosing; mega dosing is taking massive amounts of steroids by injection or pill. (www.doctorwhoswho.com) All athletes who are mega dosing on steroids are at great risks of side effects. Here are examples of side effects found commonly in males who abuse steroids shrinking of testicles, reduced sperm count, impotence, baldness, difficulty or pain in urinating, development of breasts, and enlarged prostate. I funny but disturbing image of the side effects of steroids is shown in the movie "Fight Club" there is a ex-weightlifter who abused steroids, and the side effect of the abuse he had size DD breasts. Even though that was just a movie there are many abusers in the world who probably do suffer from this deformity. There are also side effects that men and women endure and are can be seen physically High Blood Pressure, liver damage, acne, trembling, and aching joints. (www.doctorwhowhos.com) The article concluded that it is up to the athlete to find a way out of steroid abuse, and sometimes there are many athletes who have an addiction. It is just like the addiction to Marijuana, Cocaine, or any other type of Narcotic. The major addiction to steroids is the craving in which an athlete receives when he/she cannot acquire the steroid. Lastly this article gave me a good look on what to for when finding a person abusing or having the side effects of steroids.

The second article I used is "Hazard Alert" by Pennsylvania State University professor Charles Yesalis. Yesalis identified some interesting points into his findings about the steroids Creatine and Androsteine. Yesalis at the beginning of the article discussed some financial facts on the black market of steroids in the United States. "Steroid sells in 18 topped $100 million, and that was up from $5 million in 17." ("Hazard Alert") Yesalis went on from there to give a proper definition of both Creatine and Androsteine. The quote on quote legal definition of Creatine, which not a defined a drug, is a food supplement. Yesalis thinks that it is "bunk", Creatine should really be defined as muscle enhancing drug. Creatine proper definition is an amino acid that enhances the fuel, which allow people to work out longer and more intensively. ("Hazard Alert") There are also side effects to Creatine also, some being; gastrointestinal gas and muscle cramping. The problem with Creatine side effects, the users will not go through any until 5-10 years later on in life. Yesalis lastly explains to parents of teenagers who are starting to use steroids, not to use it!! It will stunt growth of boys, and deepen the voices of the girls. ("Hazard Alert")

Yesalis also described "Androsteine", this steroid became popular when St. Louis Cardinal superstar Mark McGwire was question on whether he was using it or not. The definition of Androsteine is a sex steroid hormone, which converted your body to testosterone. Some of the side effects of Androsteine are liver damage, and also the risk of stroke. Yesalis says in his words "Androsteine should be outlawed." ("Hazard Alert")

Lastly in the article Yesalis stated some facts and figures on why professional sports have banned or put restrictions on certain steroids. Yesalis says "NBA, MLB, and the NHL, have kept their heads in the sand about major steroids and the abusers, but the NFL haven't kept their heads out of the sands." ("Hazard Alert") Yesalis stated some findings on steroid abuse "10%-0% of MLB players have abused steroids, while the NFL has 50%-80% of their players abuse steroids." The facts from the NBA and NHL were unavailable.

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In conclusion Yesalis just wants the public to get a better understanding of the risks of abusing steroids.

The third article in which I used is "Throwing in the Towel" by Steve Rushin. This article was about doping in the NFL, and how it doesn't matter what you can do, there nothing much really to prevent it! Rushin brings up the statements on what doping in the NFL means "Doping is everything that first, is harmful to an athlete's health, and second artificially augments their performances." (Throwing in the Towel) Rushin also expressed that drug testing in the NFL is obscure and unheard of, meaning there basically is none. Rushin at the end of his article summed it up by saying "Throwing in the Towel" formally means who cares about drug testing, its almost impossible to prevent, and nobody really gives a rat's ass about anyway!" ("Throwing in the Towel")

The 4th article I came across is "Girls on Steroids" by Christine Gorman. How many people in the world would realize that steroid abuse is not only a man problem? Not many would care to realize that, but there are about 175,000 or more women use steroids nationwide. Gorman also used a statement by a familiar person which I have used one of his articles in this paper, it is Professor Charles Yesalis. Yesalis reports "that many young women athlete's view steroid use as a straight forward investment into their future." (Girls on Steroids) Gorman uses the fact that since 17 scholarships for women athletes have risen more than $0,000. This gives a woman something to work for, but thinking steroids are a better to work harder can bring about abuse. Gorman also included into the article some side effects, which can hinder a women physical being. Some of the side effects being; voice gets deeper, facial hair, changes in cessation of menstrual cycle, and enlargement of the clitoris. As we can see in Gorman article that females not have the abuses, but they have the same side effects.

The 5th article is a recent one taken from excite.com newsreel. It talks about Romanian Gymnastics star Andrea Raducan, and how she tested positive for a post Olympics drug test. Raducan did win a gold medal, but it was stripped from her due to the drug test. She also cannot participate in the 004 Olympic games.

There was another person in the Olympics who also tested positive was U.S. shot puter C.J. Hunter. He was tested 4 times for using the anabolic steroid nandrolone. The Olympics have been cursed of steroid abuse since Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson tested positive. I picked this article because it was produced and shown to the public all over the world. I think this article can send listens to people trying or engaging in some kind of steroid abuse in any types of sports.

My position on steroid abuse and athlete's who them are, why? Why do they continue to use something that in fact will help for a short amount a time, but could hurt them forever! I asked myself the question, why do athlete's seem to think that these drugs will help them be a new person. Being an athlete myself, I do not turn to steroids of any kind to help me in my career. I think that some athletes hide behind the steroids, instead of bringing their real person out. I like to know when I am out in the field of play that I am working hard because I pushed myself to, not because some strength enhancer helping me. I have friends who think that the stuff they are using like Creatine, Rip Fuel, or any other sort of enhancer is helping them out, and making them work harder. Determination to me is my steroid. I love to abuse it, working hard, listening, and doing the right thing, that my abuse!

As a law, 188 Anti-Drug Abuse Act made distribution and possession of any anabolic steroid for non-medical reasons a federal offense. Also many states have begun to make laws in which regulates Steroids abuse. I don't think law matters to many athletes who are using steroids. Athletes will do whatever they feel like doing. Until they get caught there no wrong doing. I found a quote that best suits my paper in its entirety " We see…people not being able to see their lives falling apart, people trying to get off the drug and not being able to!" �Kenneth Yashkin and Herbert Kleber, Yale University.Works Cited

1. "Abusing Anabolic Steroids" http//doctorwhoswho.com/health

. "Doping and Sports" http//bew.excite.calnews/r/0006/15/news-olympic-col

. Gorman, Christine "Girls on Steroids" Time 8-10-8 Page

4. Rushin, Steve "Throwing in the Towel" Sports Illustrated 8-10-8 pg 17

5. Yesalis, Charles "Hazard Alert" People 10-1-8 vol 50 pg 14Please note that this sample paper on Athlete's and Steroids is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Athlete's and Steroids, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Athlete's and Steroids will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discuss the role of the journalist in the modern political Scene and whether journalism allows a citizen to play a Wider or narrower part in modern democracy.

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Journalists have two main roles in today's modern political scene. Robert W McChesney describes these two roles as "indispensable functions…within democratic theory." He sets them out as such

First, the media system must provide a rigorous accounting of people in power and people who want to be in power… This is known as the watchdog role.

Second, the media system must provide reliable information and a wide range of informed opinions on the important social and political issues of the day. (McChesney, 00)

Through these two roles journalists try to involve citizens in politics and issues affecting them with the goal of increasing democracy in Britain. Democracy is "government by the people, exercised directly or through elected representatives" or simply "majority rule." (www.dictionary.com)

To have a democracy where "the common people [are] considered as the primary source of political power" (www.dictionary.com) citizens need to be politically active. Which after the lowest ever turnout of fifty-nine per-cent at the last general election they are clearly not. This is mainly due to apathy towards politics, which is seen as both corrupt and boring by many. The disinterest in politics is especially clear in Hartlepool where the football teams mascot, H'Angus the monkey, was elected mayor.

It is the role of journalists to give citizens information on politics, through newspapers, television or radio so to allow them to play a wider part in politics. The media is the only source from which most citizens can learn of many political issues. For example, many would probably never have learnt about the now famous Falklands event when 'The Belgrano,' an Argentinean ship, was sunk in controversial circumstances if it had not been investigated and reported by journalists. Citizens have the right to know about events such as this one, especially as it could affect whom they vote into power at the next general election.

Investigative journalism…contributes to democracy by nurturing an informed citizenry. Information is a vital resource to empower a vigilant public that ultimately hold government accountable through voting and participation. (McChesney, 00) It is vital to a democratic system that the citizens have as much knowledge as possible on issues affecting them. For example, it is essential that when in the next four years there is a referendum, the most direct democratic system possible, on whether to join the Euro or not people know the arguments for and against joining. The government, Labour, and the opposition government, Conservative, will release information on this but both will be biased. It is the job of the media to show the public both sides from a neutral stance.

However, this will probably not happen. This is because such media as newspapers are also biased, according mainly to the owners feelings. This is shown when newspapers continually back one party's stance. Such as the 'Daily Telegraph', which has picked up the nickname of the 'Daily Torygraph' because of its bias towards the Conservative party.

This bias means that they will not print damaging articles against the Conservatives or many articles praising the Labour party and as such are not performing the second role set out by McChesney. To give a "wide range of informed opinions." Therefore they are narrowing democracy by not giving its readers all the information.

There is a counter argument to this however

No single medium can or should be expected to provide all of this [McChesney's two roles]; but the media system as a whole should provide easy access to this for all citizens. (McChesny, 00)

This is saying that it is acceptable that one newspaper, or one radio station has a bias view point on an issue and only prints arguments for or against the issue if there is someone else, another paper, to give citizens the other side of the argument. For example, the Telegraph gives citizens one point of view whilst the Guardian gives the other. It is questionable, though, whether many people would buy two, especially differing in opinions, newspapers and as such would not receive both sides of the argument.

Silvio Waisbord backs up McChesney's first role

The press should make government accountable by publishing information about matters of public interest even if information reveals abuses or crimes perpetrated by those in authority… It is linked to the logic of checks and balances. (Waisbord, 001)

This argument is saying that it is the role of journalists to act almost as an opposition to those looking to gain power or who are in power, such as MPs. By doing this, many scandals have been revealed. Including the revelation that Tony Blair's Labour party received a donation of almost one million pounds from Mr.Ecclestone, owner of a formula one racing team, soon after deciding against a ban on cigarette advertising on formula one cars. Which is a major source of revenue for owners such as Mr.Ecclestone.

The argument for revealing these 'stories' is that it is in the public's interest to know who their representatives are and how they make their decisions, which are on behalf of them. Chasqui also argues this

Journalism in democracy should be critical, overseeing… and also varied so that it can offer the necessary checks and balances that modern democracy requires. (Chasqui, 16)

However, in Britain sensationalism seems to be more important than giving citizens information and so widening democracy. This is because stories such as Edwina Curries' affair with John Major sell more newspapers or attract more viewers than a story about David Blunkett's views on the state of education in Britain. Profit is the main goal for newspapers, not meeting McChesney's two roles. However, it may be possible to have both.

In the respect that newspapers are profit orientated it seems papers in Britain are heading down the same highway as those have in the United States. In an era where our Prime Minister is being taunted by our own newspapers as a 'poodle' to the United State's President, where we see McDonald's on nearly every street and the up and coming 'top' music is R and B and hip hop from America it is worrying that our media and especially newspapers may go the same way. The very way that prompted McChesney to say

The media system in the United States does not exist to save democracy; it exists to generate maximum profit… [So, ironically], democratic interests of the many are undermined by the selfish interest of the few. (McChesney, 00)

Journalists are not widening democracy when their articles spend longer talking about the revelation that John Major wears blue pants than they do about the knock on effect his affair(s) must have had on his role as the Prime Minister.

Journalists have a vital role in today's modern political scene as it the only access most people have to knowing what is happening about certain issues. Journalism can and does widen democracy. It does this by challenging, through investigative journalism, those in and around power and by letting the public know what is happening in their government. Journalism, and reporting the news, is vital to democracy, but only works to widen it if journalists report the accurately, fully and about issues that matter. If journalism, as a business, becomes to obsessed with profit, sensationalism and gossip rather than 'proper' news then it will just serve to weaken democracy. Journalism definitely allows citizens to play a wider part in modern democracy but could do more to make it easier for citizens to play.

Bibliography

Chasqui (16) Periodismo, Democracia y Transcioun. (Ecuador)

McChesny, R.W. (00) Journalism, Democracy…and Class Struggle.

Waisbord, S. (001) Why Democracy Needs Investigative Journalism.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss the role of the journalist in the modern political Scene and whether journalism allows a citizen to play a Wider or narrower part in modern democracy. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss the role of the journalist in the modern political Scene and whether journalism allows a citizen to play a Wider or narrower part in modern democracy., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Discuss the role of the journalist in the modern political Scene and whether journalism allows a citizen to play a Wider or narrower part in modern democracy. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Boyz in the hood

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Boys N the Hood Justified Violence

Violence is a part of our life in today's society. The word violence is used quite often in everyday conversations. Not only is violence used and described in daily conversations, but violence is used in the entertainment world as well. By saying entertainment world, in specific, the movie entertainment business is meant. Violence has been used in movies as far as anyone can remember. The original version of Godzilla was made quite a few years ago and with less technology, but that did not stop the makers of the movie to include violence. Sometimes violence is used merely for visual sake and has nothing to do with the plot of the story. The violence in the film, Boyz N the Hood, is entertaining, visual, and universal; some viewers may consider some scenes too violent and unnecessary, however, from the filmmaker's point of view the scenes are necessary to illustrate conflict and resolution among the characters.

The exact definition of violence is an exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse. Bailey and Hale put the definition in a broader prospective and define violence as a "series of events, the course of which or the outcomes of which, cause injury or damage to a persons or property." The two definitions are similar. They both define violence as causing an injury. Using those definitions of violence, one can easily conclude that violence is used in a sense as a second language when making films.

The movie, Boyz N the Hood, is a typical example of how violence is used in movies. The main character is Tre Styles, a teenager growing up in South Central Los Angeles. His father, Furious, is divorced and lives away from Tre and his mother, but hes still involved in Tres upbringing. He does his best to teach his son the values of right and wrong. Meanwhile, Tres childhood buddies Ricky and Doughboy are living their lives in terms of the epidemic of violence and poverty that has plagued their neighborhood. Ricky, a talented football player, is striving to get a full athletic scholarship to college. Doughboy lives a life full of crime but still remains true to his friends. The obstacles that these three young men come across result in dire consequences, devastatingly avoidable and inevitable at the same time.

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The movie is acclaimed to accurately portray South Central Los Angeles in the late 80s and early 0s as painted by Jon Singleton, who grew up in that neighborhood. Although violence has a vital part in this movie's story line, in some scenes violence is overemphasized. Over the course of the entire movie, there are 1 instances of violence during the total 11 minutes. That calculates out to one instance of violence every .4 seconds. The 1 instances of violence can be classified into two different categories instrumental violence, which is violent behavior used by individuals to achieve a particular goal in the end and expressive violence, which is when violence is largely an explosive phenomenon, which generally erupts as a statement of deep emotional forces and feelings. The violence can be encoded as a conflict resolution, meaning that the rival groups of teenagers see what they think is a conflict and they use violence to settle the "conflict." Basically, violence is used as a means to solve the problem.

There is one particular scene in Boyz N the Hood where an encoded instrumental violence takes place, meaning it involves context and images that amount to hidden or explicit rationales. The scene takes place after Ricky and Tre leave the corner store. As they are leaving, a car full of rival gang members pulls up. To avoid trouble Tre and Ricky run down an alley and they split up. As Ricky is going his way, he is scratching off a lottery ticket and is not paying attention. Tre turns around and sees the car stop directly in Ricky's path. When Ricky hears Tre's warning, it is too late. One of the rival members points a gun out the window and shoots Ricky three times. That particular scene can be classified as conflict resolution, because the rival gang settles their problem they had with Ricky's group by shooting and killing Ricky solely because he was apart of another group.

In the same scene, the violence was enplotted, meaning that certain techniques were used to enhance the violence that is taking place. The violence was enplotted in two different ways through the use of a shock scene and through the use of blood. When Ricky turns around to run, the scene is slowed down and shows him running in slow motion. The "shock" takes place when the gun is shot and the bullets enter Ricky's body. Since the scene is in slow motion the audience can actually see the bullets enter his body and Ricky slowly falling to the ground. Blood shoots out of Ricky's body when he is shot and the bullet wounds can be seen. The visual effects make the impact much deeper. The killing scene is made bigger than life and the audience is left, not with sadness of seeing someone being killed, but with the sensational graphic imagery of the act.

Expressive violence, the second way violence can be classified, is. After Ricky's brother, Doughboy, finds out that Ricky was murdered, he is overcome by feelings of rage and anger. He immediately seeks vengeance upon the thugs that murdered his brother. Vengeance is one way that expressive violence can be encoded. Doughboy decides that he is going to pay back the group that killed Ricky. He finds the rival group at a drive in restaurant. A simple drive by will not satisfy Doughboy's need for vengeance, so he stops the car and gets out and shoots all three members of the rival group at point blank range. It is only then that he is satisfied. Doughboy doe not consider killing as a crime. Instead he justifies the use of violence to correct the death of Ricky. The violence that takes place in the film Boyz N the Hood is depicted as justified within the story of the film because it solves a problem. The rival groups have a problem with one another; therefore, the use of violence is used to solve the conflict.

In the film, Boyz N the Hood, both the perpetrators and the receivers are young black men who are caught in poverty and violence of a ghetto subculture. The young men are drawn into gangs and drugs, not necessarily because of their choosing, but because of their environment.

Violence is all around us in today's society. It is an integral part of our real and fantasy worlds. Moviegoers have been exposed to violence for quite some time. Even in the times of black and white movies, violence already played a major part. Violence is a crucial tool for moviemakers, because violence is a moneymaker. An example of a movie that uses violence to tell the story is Boyz N the Hood. The movie has a violent scene about every ten seconds. The writer has been acknowledged for accurately portraying the real life of gang and drug infested subculture of young black males in South Central Los Angeles through use of expressive and explosive violence. The storyline may be accurate, however, some scenes are overtaken by excessively graphic imageries of violence.

Please note that this sample paper on boyz in the hood is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on boyz in the hood, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on boyz in the hood will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Apes

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The first video took place .5 million years ago in East Africa where a species of ape lives. Australopithecus afarensis had taken the first steps towards humanity - and could stand and walk on two legs.

A few million years before, Africa was covered, almost edge-to-edge, with thick rain forest. Our ancestors used all four limbs to move, live and hunt. But immense environmental chaos, changes their future.

The rift valley was forming, and the rainforests dying, as Africa dried out - turning the landscape into an assortment of scattered trees and grass. In this new environment afarensis found it more efficient to move about not on four legs but on two.

This film follows a group of afarensis, and in particular, Lucy and her young newborn. Led by a strong male, there is harmony in their lives. They sleep high in the trees and spend most of the day searching for food. But while drinking from a river, a crocodile sneaks in unnoticed and catches the unsuspecting alpha male.

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Now leaderless, a disagreement for power between the two secondary males unsettles the group. Added to that, a rival group invades Lucys territory. While not uncommon in their chimp-like lifestyles, the consequential territory war was both violent and extreme and has devastating consequences.

As the groups lives move on, the video shows how although walking on two feet offers minor advantages to the afarensis it opens the door to an amazing set of new skills and abilities that will change the shape of human life on earth.Like the Australopithecus afarensis, Humans today (especially men) are very protective of what they believe to be theirs, they are also very competitive and don't like sharing power. People today also try to find the most efficient way of doing things, just like the Australopithecus afarensis found it more efficient walking on two legs rather than four.

The second video was set in Africa, two million years ago, where there was a crossroad in human evolution. Half a dozen or more different species of ape-men existed along side each other; all of them exploited the environment in a different way and developed their own strategy for survival.

The video follows the lives of two species, Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis who represent two alternative ways of ape-man life. Although heavy set, with unique gorilla-like faces, the boisei were gentle. They lived within a strict social structure and were led by a dominant male whose strength and power held the group together.

They adapted brilliantly to the tough conditions of dry scorched land. Their huge teeth, four times the size of our own, and strong jaws mean they can eat the toughest plants.

The habilis had taken a different approach to survival. They didn't have the skills of the boisei but instead developed into the archetypal jack-of-all-trades, prying scavengers prepared to try almost anything to survive. Tough, active, sociable and noisy they are always on the move, and always alert to the possibility of a meal. But in the near drought of the dry season the habilis were struggling. It seemed as if their way of life cannot help them when conditions were tough.

However habilis had a secret weapon, they had come to use brainpower rather than strength. They learnt to work together to scare other predators away from food, they scavenge for meat and, perhaps most importantly, made basic stone tools - equipping themselves through their own efforts with the kind of specialist eating equipment creatures like the boisei had by nature.

Although we have a dominant figure of authority we do not rely on their leadership as much as the boisei did. Like the boisei we usually find it easy to adapt to our surroundings.

Like the habilis we tend to use brainpower over strength,

The third video took place in southern Africa; where the Homo ergaster had taken the next step to becoming human. They had long, modern looking noses, which cooled air as they breathe to stop overexertion.

They had hairless bodies, with millions of tiny sweat glands, so they didn't need to pant anymore to control their temperature, they sweated. And, above all, they have big brains - nearly two-thirds the size of ours.

This video followed the lives of a group of ergaster on a hunt and showed how they used their big brains. They were the first ape-man to have our intricate understanding of the natural world, and was able to recognize and follow the footprints left behind by many different animals. They were expert toolmakers and used a highly refined stone hand axe. But the most important thing they used their big brains for is the same thing as we do - understanding other people.

Ergaster lived in large social groups and spent their time in the complex task of getting along with each other. Their society was held together not by a dominant male, but by the bonds of family and friends. For the first time, hunters would bring back meat to the rest of the group after a hunt, using it to forge alliances and reinforce relationships. Their extraordinary social world has led to a new occurrence in our human story - the couple, living together, at least for a time, faithfullly.

Their new found social bonds and understanding of the world had equipped them with skills that enabled them to move away from their ancestral home in Africa. Over thousands of years they spread throughout the Middle East and Asia, reaching as far as China and are now known in their new Asian home as Homo erectus.

Despite being incredibly sophisticated for their kind, they were still far from human. One million years after and they had not changed, they were still using the exact same tools and tactics, they had made no technological advancements. Compare this with Homo sapiens who had gone from the steam age to the space age in under a hundred years.

Their brains simply did not work in the flexible way ours do. For them to become like us required a major change in thinking. We may know what triggered this dramatic change; towards the end of ergasters time there is evidence that they had learnt to control and work with fire as a weapon, for warmth and as a tool.

For the first time in our history night-time no longer brought danger, but warmth, security and time for the mind to wander - perhaps time for the mind to change. Fire certainly revolutionised the way our ancestors lived - perhaps it did the same to how they could think.

In the fourth video, nearly half a million years ago, the most advanced human the world had still not seen Europe. Strong and powerful, Homo heidelbergensis were fierce hunters, used sophisticated tools and lived in close knit family groups.

They looked and behaved in a very human way - yet something was missing. In the final video, we saw three brothers on a hunt, when one brother was injured, his worried family spent most of the night trying to keep him alive.

Yet in the morning the hunter was dead and his family had gone, leaving him where he died. There was no ceremony and no looking back. H. heidelbergensis could only see the world as it was, and they could not, for example, think of a life after death, for they lacked the one thing that makes us human - a modern imagination.

H. heidelbergensis were the last step in becoming us. Over two hundred thousand years they had become divided into two groups by extremes of weather and environment, and evolved separately into two very different species.

In the north are the Neanderthals, whose physical power and resilience was the key to surviving in ice age Northern Europe. In one of the harshest environments ever, a small group of Neanderthal was having trouble getting by.

The leaders partner was expecting her first child and the men had to travel far to find food. If they were unsuccessful the group would have to move on, a dangerous event for the near full term mum. In their world, being strong and tough was the key to survival. If the going got tough, they'd just fight back harder.

In the south the other descendants of heidelbergensis, were finding the going even harder. 140,000 years ago, Africa was in the grip of a devastating drought, and something remarkable had happened to the descendants of heidelbergensis who lived there the combination of environment and chance bred in them a unique ability that changed the course of human history.

They developed a mind capable of imagination - for the first time on earth there was a creature capable of understanding and anticipating possibilities, with the gift of abstract thought. It very possibly saved them from the brink of extinction.

Although the Neanderthal were unbeatable for a quarter of a million years, it was this small group of southern survivors, perhaps numbering just a few tens of thousands, would come to dominate the world, and be known as Homo sapiens our ancestors.

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The Best Refuge For Insomniacs

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Landriault 1

Krista Landriault

Mrs. Lenti

ENG 4UL-01

10 October 00

Analysis of "The Best Refuge For Insomniacs"

Lance Morrow's essay "The Best Refuge For Insomniacs" explores the bare subject of reading. The author uses a structured organization of ideas with a serious and affectionate tone to produce a formal piece of writing; but personalizes it with a functional language style, first person point of view and an implied thesis. The author's first purpose is to convince the reader of the comfort books can bring during troubling times, and his second purpose is to persuade the reader to find his or her own list of favorite books. Morrow achieves his twofold purpose through the use of emphasis and coherence.

The essayist uses emphasis to stress his bare subject and his purpose announcement of the thesis, principal idea, repetition of the main idea, and the use of intensified style. To begin, Morrow announces his thesis in a clear but implied manner "The calm and clarity of Cather's prose stabilized the woman and helped her through the time." In other words the calmness of reading prose supports troubled people. Thus, reading helps one through difficult times in life.

In addition to the thesis, Morrow employs a principal idea at the beginning and the end of his essay reading helps. He writes, "helped her through the time," at the beginning of the essay and he includes "helps the mind through the black hours," at the end of the essay. This principal idea is used to highlight how people use reading for solace. Therefore, through adding emphasis to his ideas Morrow powerfully conveys the message that reading helps individuals through hard times.

Landriault

Furthermore, Morrow utilizes repetition of the main idea to stress that reading helps one through difficult times. One repetition of this main idea is used to emphasize the value of reading as companionship "the books you keep for the middle of the night serve a deeply personal purpose, one of companionship." Another repetition of the main idea is used to establish reading's function of stabilization to a chaotic mind "Reading restores to the mind a stabilization of linear prose. . . ." Finally, a last repetition of the main idea is used to accentuate the security people find in reading books "I found shelter in books in the middle of the night." Hence, repetition of the main idea emphasizes that reading helps the mind through hard times.

A final method that Morrow uses to achieve emphasis is intensified style. For example, a metaphor is employed to compare the news to a knife, "The global electronic collective, the knife of the news. . . ." In this quotation, the news (like other media) inflicts pain and discomfort on a troubled mind in contrast to reading that offers solace and refuge to a troubled mind. An additional metaphor is utilized to compare television to a microwave, "The medium is a microwave it makes reality taste wrong." In this quotation, the microwave transforms food to be eaten in the same way that television transforms the mind because it does not support reality. A final example is a simile used to measure the alikeness between music and ice water, "music like bright ice water. . . ." In this quotation the author compares the coldness and awareness an individual obtains by encountering bright ice water to music which delivers the same attributes, as does reading. In summary, intensified style brings out the point the author is trying to make in a clear, strong manner.

In short, Lance Morrow has used four different methods to achieve emphasis by announcing his thesis that reading stabilizes troubled minds, by placing the principal idea of help at the beginning and at the end of the essay, by repeating the main idea of reading, and by using intensified style devices like metaphors and similes. As well, Morrow uses coherence to relate

Landriault

the parts of the essay in a way that is clear to the reader transitions, parallel structure, echoing, and organization of ideas.

One way in which Morrow establishes coherence is through the use of transitions. For example, he uses a time transition, "Years ago," to set up a personal example of when he turned to a history book to help him recover from surgery "Years ago, recovering from a heart operation, I read Shelby Foote's three-volume history of the American Civil War. . . ." In another example Morrow writes, "In Vietnam the soldiers said, 'he is a man you can walk down the road with.'" This place transition, "In Vietnam," sets up the metaphor of companionship and its application to books. Finally, Morrow uses an example transition phrase, "for example," to set up an example of how Mozart's music brings the same effect as reading to a troubled mind "Mozart, for example music like bright ice water, or say, the memory of the serene Palladian lines of Jefferson's Monticello." In brief, Morrow uses time, place, and example transitions to establish coherence between ideas.

Coherence is further achieved through the use of parallel structure. One parallel structure is found in paragraph five "I mean the kind of reading one does to keep sane, to touch other intelligences, to absorb a little grace." These parallel infinitive verb phrases qualify the kind of reading needed to help one through the night reading which provides sanity, intelligences, grace. In the same paragraph, Morrow uses parallel dependent clauses "In Vietnam the soldiers said, 'He is a man you can walk down the road with,'" and "Every reader knows there are certain books you can go down the road with." These parallel phrases reveal how books can be trusted and serve the role of companionship. As well, parallel structure is used in paragraph eleven "Wallace Stevens for his strange visual clarities, Robert Frost for his sly moral clarities, Walt Whitman for his spaciousness and energy." These prepositional phrases offer stabilizing qualities that reading encompasses. In short, to further achieve coherence, Morrow uses parallel infinitive verb phrases, parallel dependent clauses, and parallel prepositional phrases.

Landriault 4

Finally coherence is achieved through echoing. For example, Morrow echoes the word "medium" "The medium is a microwave. . ."; "Dreams are not an electronic medium"; and "The medium destroys sequence." This use of echoing draws attention to the medium of television with its subversion of reality in a discomforting manner. Another example is when the subject of war is echoed "In Vietnam the soldiers. . ."; "War (and television) shatters"; and "history of the American Civil War." The idea of war brings an awareness of how, like television, war destroys the stability of the mind and sets it up for needing comfort. Lastly, Morrow echoes night and darkness " in the morning. . ."; "the books you keep for the middle of the night"; "got through a tragic time by reading Dickens to each other every night; and "helps the mind through the black hours." The author's use of echoing shows how people use reading for comfort in the long hours of the night when they are lonely and uncomfortable. To summarize, Morrow echoes the words "medium", "war", and "night," to emphasize how these discomforts bring chaos to the mind.

Overall, this essay is organized from general to specific to connect the ideas in a coherent manner. Morrow begins his essay with the announcement of the general thesis, "The calm and clarity of . . . stabilized . . . and helped [] through the time." The medium of television is introduced as a counter-idea as it subverts reality in a discomforting manner and as a setup for the medium of reading. At this point in the essay, Morrow establishes his rationale specific reasons to support the choice of reading as a source of comfort in difficult times "to keep sane, to tough other intelligences, to absorb a little grace" for companionship. Examples and allusions to specific texts are given to support these reasons. In the end, Morrow encourages the reader to find his/her own texts or even a different medium to help one through times of distress in life.

In summary, Lance Morrow has used four different methods to achieve coherence by using transitions to connect his ideas, by using parallel structure to demonstrate how reading

Landriault 5

offers companionship, by echoing words to emphasize his ideas, and by organizing his ideas in a well formatted way.

In conclusion, Lance Morrow's essay "The Best Refuge for Insomniacs," is written to convince the reader of the comfort of prose that reading offers during difficult times, and to persuade the reader to find his or her own list of books. By using techniques of emphasis and coherence Morrow effectively explains the benefits that reading provides an individual.

Please note that this sample paper on The Best Refuge For Insomniacs is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Best Refuge For Insomniacs, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Best Refuge For Insomniacs will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Critical Tinking

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Critical Thinking is my life, its my philosophy of life. Its how I define myself... Im an educator because I think these ideas have meaning. Im convinced that what we believe in has to be able to stand the test of evaluation.

John Chaffee, author of Critical Thinking

Have you heard business executives, civic leaders, and educators talking about critical thinking, decision making and found yourself asking such reasonable questions as, "What is critical thinking?" "What is decision making?" "How they relate to each other?" "What are the benefits of critical thinking" "Are they present or absent at my work?" So have we. This essay looks at these questions

What is Critical thinking?

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"Critical thinking is the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment. This process reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria."

The APA Delphi Report,

Critical Thinking A Statement of Expert

Consensus for Purposes of Educational

Assessment and Instruction

10 ERIC Doc. NO. ED 15 4

Critical thinking as per the author of the book used in MGT 50, University of Phoenix, believes Critical thinking consists of an awareness of asset of interrelated critical questions, plus the ability and willingness to ask and answer them at appropriate times. While others like Robert H. Ennis, "Assumes that critical thinking is reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do, a critical thinker

1. Is open-minded and mindful of alternatives

. Tries to be well-informed

. Judges well the credibility of sources

4. Identifies conclusions, reasons, and assumptions

5. Judges well the quality of an argument, including the acceptability of its reasons, assumptions, and evidence

6. Can well develop and defend a reasonable position

7. Asks appropriate clarifying questions

8. Formulates plausible hypotheses; plans experiments well

. Defines terms in a way appropriate for the context

10. Draws conclusions when warranted, but with caution

11. Integrates all items in this list when deciding what to believe or do "

Everyone has their own belief about what is critical thinking? As per me I believe the critical thinking is

1. The process of asking questions

. Inquisitive

. Judicious

4. Analytical

5. Confident in Reasoning

6. Open minded

What is Decision making?

In dealing with most complex problems in todays work environment, there may be more than one good answer to a problem. The question then becomes one of picking the best answer; this is called decision-making.

According to the author of the MGT 50 Critical thing course, defines decision-making as -step process

1. Identifying the problem

. Defining criteria, goals and objectives

. Evaluate effect of the problem

4. Identify causes of the problem

5. Frame alternatives

6. Evaluate impacts of alternatives

7. Make the decision

8. Implement decision

. Measure Impacts

According to the authors of Whatever It Takes - The Realities of Managerial Decision Making, the six steps to critical thinking and decision making are

1. A problem is defined and isolated

. Information is gathered

. Alternatives are set forth

4. An end is established

5. Means are created to achieve the end

6. A choice is made.

The author's say when applied in todays business environment, the six steps are mostly ineffective because executive decision-making is not a series of single linier acts. It is the interference of many other factors (such as murky information, poor information input, and multiple problems intersecting) that makes scientific study of real-life decision-making difficult. (McCall & Kaplan, 10, pg xvii - xviii)

According to me Decision-making is the process of

1. Identifying the problem

. Gathering information

. Make the decision

4. Evaluating the decision

5. Implementing decision

6. Measuring Impact

How they relate to each other?

The relationship between critical thinking and decision-making is very important. Critical thinking is about analyzing an argument to find the deductions and conclusions for a subject. Once this is completed then people's decision can be correctly based on their personal preferences. Lets look at the following example

McCall and Kaplan (10) discuss dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima as an example of decision making. The question of whether or not to drop the atomic bomb on Japan was probably not weighed on its moral merits as much as it was based on its benefits, its deficits, and the necessity to the war effort. This same case, now that the event is history, can now be used as a critical thinking example. Today, the question could be posed Should we have dropped the atomic bomb on Japan? Did the benefits outweigh the loss of human life?

The leaders of the United States had a world changing decision to make. They weighed the pros and cons and all the facts they had and made the best decision they could. Posing this historical decision as a critical thinking problem we could state The United States was obligated to bomb Hiroshima. They did it to save lives, both American and Allied. Dropping the bomb prevented the Russians from learning of our atomic weapon capability. This further justified the means.

Benefits of the critical thinker

Critical thinking is an essential skill in todays business and personal environment as it allows us to think before we speak or make decisions, it helps to remove emotion from the equation and to make the proper decision based only on the facts.

Critical thinking seems to be more difficult than I imagined it would be. I seem to jump to the wrong conclusion too quickly. It is obvious to me that I am going to have to change the way I think about things to be a good critical thinker. I do believe that it will be beneficial for me to make the necessary changes to become a good critical thinker. Critical thinking skills will make anyone a better communicator. Finding the fallacies in deductions and the hidden or unspoken assumptions of arguments will allow anyone to communicate better.

At work it is present or absent

In my particular job as a Security Analyst, decision making and critical thinking go hand in hand. Analyzing complex security issues that cross multiple vendor platforms involves detailed, emotionless, unbiased decisions by the people involved in resolving the problem.

Occasionally, critical thinking never enters the equation. It never ceases to amaze me how people can become emotional and protective of their hardware or software. This emotional attachment prevents them from effectively troubleshooting. Even the suggestion that a problem could be caused by their equipment is taken as a personal affront. This close-mindedness often causes delays in security analysis.

Conclusion

It is my opinion that being open minded is the best tool an engineer or any person can have in his or her toolkit. Allowing oneself the time and energy needed for critical thinking will greatly enhance our personal and professional lives. Employing this valuable skill will enable us to have confidence in our decisions and beliefs, as we will know that we have thoroughly thought our decisions and opinions through.

Reference

http//www.calpress.com/pdf_files/what&why.pdf

http//www.criticalthinking.com/articles.html

McCall, M. W., & Kaplan, R. E. (10). Whatever It Takes - The Realities of Managerial

Dision Making (nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall.

Please note that this sample paper on Critical Tinking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Critical Tinking, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Critical Tinking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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