Hemingway Here!

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Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois July 1, 18. Hemingway is known to be one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. He has written more than one hundred short fiction stories, many of them to be well known around the world. Some of these short stories had just as powerful an impact as his novels. As a young man, Hemingway left from his hometown to Europe, where he worked for the Red Cross during World War I. His time spent there inspired him to write some of his most famous novels. Most of which spoke of the horrors of the war (Benson xi). Hemingways short stories, Soldiers Home and Another Country are used to show the damaging psychological and physical effects of World War I.

Hemingway knew first hand the horrors of war. In May of 118, Hemingway became an honorary second lieutenant in the Red Cross, but could not join the army because he had a defective left eye. Hemingway first went to Paris, and soon after receiving new orders he traveled to Milan, Italy. The day he arrived, an ammunition factory exploded and he had to carry mutilated bodies and body parts to a makeshift morgue. This was definitely a most terrifying moment for the young Hemingway. After being seriously injured weeks later, Hemingway found himself recovering at a hospital in Milan. After his stay at the American Hospital in Milan, Hemingway was relieved of duty (Mitran 1). Having no other purpose in Europe, he returned unhappily to Oak Park, Illinois. The impression left on Hemingway by his stay in Italy had changed him profoundly. He never really returned to America as an America(Meyer 115).

When Hemingway returned home from Italy in January of 11 he found Oak Park dull compared to the adventures of war, the beauty of foreign lands, and the romance of an older woman. He was only nineteen but the war had matured him beyond his years. He was now living with his parents who didnt really appreciate what he had been through. His parents where

concerned about his future and wanted him to get a job, and further his education. Hemingway could not find anything he would be interested in. Hemingway often exaggerated his war stories to satisfy his audience. This frustrating period of his life was used to create the short story called, Soldiers Home (Meyer 115).

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Hemingways story Soldiers Home conveys his feelings of frustration and shame upon returning home to a town and to parents who still had a romantic notion of war and who didnt understand the psychological impact the war had had on him. They would never be able to comprehend what war was all about. The character of Krebs obviously represents Hemingway. Krebs, after graduating from a Methodist college in Kansas, enlisted in the Marines in 117. He didnt return to the U.S. until years after the war. He came back much too late. (Hemingway 115) By the time he got back, the people of his town where already tired of the atrocity stories of war (Hemingway 116). He felt the urge to talk about his experiences, but no one wanted to listen. This drove Krebs to lie. It seemed to be the only way anyone would listen to him at first. After lying twice, he also had begun to dislike war stories and was turned off by it. This was due to the fact no one even listened to him even when he lied. Even his lies didnt interest people; they already had heard these stories before. Soon Krebs lies and exaggeration resulted in acquiring the feeling of nausea. He would sometimes talk to other soldiers and Krebs would fall into the easy pose of the old soldier among other soldiers that he had been badly, sickeningly frightened all the time. In this way he lost everything. (Hemingway 116)

The war affected him in such a way that it seemed like he was left with little or no emotions. The Marines had taught Krebs that no man needs a woman. They taught him that women involve too much work and only cause problems. Trying to obtain a relationship involved to many consequences. It wouldnt be worth going through the pain of heartbreak or rejection. He would sit on his porch, and watch women walk by. He admired their clothing, their hair, and they way they walked. He wanted a girl, but didnt want to work for one. He didnt want to go through having the stress and pressure when trying to get a girl. He did not want any consequences. (Hemingway 117) The only one who treated him like a hero was his little sister. Krebs faith in religion was also effected. It seemed like all his faith faded after the war. His mother explains to Krebs that, God has some work for everyone to do. There cant be no idle hands in his Kingdom. Kreb replies, Im not in his Kingdom. (Hemingway 11) He seemed to have lost his emotions totally. Even as his mother tells him that she prays for him every day, he is too busy looking at the bacon fat hardening on his plate. (Hemingway 11)

The war had definitely taken its toll on people who survived World War I. They come home from the war (if they come home at all) as different people. These people have seen things that most men will never see. Things that would change someones lives for the worst, things such as death and destruction. Not only were the soldiers affected psychologically but also physically. As shown in Soldiers Home, the character Krebs will never again be the same person he was before World War I. It seems as if his will to live has diminished. Krebs suffered harmful psychological effects, but what about the others that survived the war. Some werent even able to go back home after the war ended.

Hemingways short story, Another Country is about physically injured American soldiers in a hospital in Milan because of the war. These soldiers have sustained major injuries due to fighting on the battlefield. These men will never be the same again. One of the mens knees did not bend and his leg dropped straight from the knee to the ankle without a calf. (Hemingway 06) His leg was put into a machine to rejuvenate it. Next to this man was a major who had a hand like a little babys. Like the other man, his hand was attached to a machine. Before the war the major was the greatest fencer in Italy. After they were done with the machines they would go for a walk in town. Another boy joined sometimes, and he wore a black silk handkerchief across his face. This was because this boy had no nose, and his face was going to be rebuilt. He had gone out to the front from the military academy and been wounded within an hour after he had gone into the front line for the first time. (Hemingway 07)

These devastating injuries due to the war changed these Americans soldiers lives forever. The boy with the injured leg loved playing football. Now he has to have his leg hooked up to a machine. The boy who lost his nose will never be looked at as a normal person ever again. The major as mentioned before was the greatest fencer in Italy. Now the majors hand resembled a babys. He, like the other boy used a machine to recuperate. The major asks the boy with the bad leg what his plans were after the war is over. The boy tells him he would go back to the states and get married. This infuriates the major greatly. He tells the boy he cant marry or he would lose everything (Hemingway 0). What the boy doesnt know is that the majors wife had died while he was at war. Because of the war he was not able to be with his wife who was only sick for a few days and was not expected to die. These men arent even able to go back home because of their injuries. (Hemingway 10)

War can destroy and sometimes end a persons life. Hemingways short stories, Soldiers Home and Another Country are used to show the damaging psychological and physical effects of World War I. Hemingway is able to explain these affects of war to his readers most effectively. This is because of his firsthand experience in his involvement in World War I. He had been exposed to the horrors of war himself. In the story Soldiers Home a man who represents Hemingway comes home from World War I much to late. No one appreciated what he had done for his country and was forever psychologically damaged. He came home as a totally different person and now couldnt lead a normal life. He didnt have the will to work or obtain an education. The American soldiers in Another Country where forever damaged by the war. Each of these men couldnt even leave Europe because of their injuries. These men can never return home and pick up from where they left off. Their injuries will hold them all back from doing the things they love most. One mans injuries held him back from being with his sick wife back at home. These two short stories are perfect examples of how war can change a mans life forever. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois July 1, 18. Hemingway is known to be one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. He has written more than one hundred short fiction stories, many of them to be well known around the world. Some of these short stories had just as powerful an impact as his novels. As a young man, Hemingway left from his hometown to Europe, where he worked for the Red Cross during World War I. His time spent there inspired him to write some of his most famous novels. Most of which spoke of the horrors of the war (Benson xi). Hemingways short stories, Soldiers Home and Another Country are used to show the damaging psychological and physical effects of World War I.

Hemingway knew first hand the horrors of war. In May of 118, Hemingway became an honorary second lieutenant in the Red Cross, but could not join the army because he had a defective left eye. Hemingway first went to Paris, and soon after receiving new orders he traveled to Milan, Italy. The day he arrived, an ammunition factory exploded and he had to carry mutilated bodies and body parts to a makeshift morgue. This was definitely a most terrifying moment for the young Hemingway. After being seriously injured weeks later, Hemingway found himself recovering at a hospital in Milan. After his stay at the American Hospital in Milan, Hemingway was relieved of duty (Mitran 1). Having no other purpose in Europe, he returned unhappily to Oak Park, Illinois. The impression left on Hemingway by his stay in Italy had changed him profoundly. He never really returned to America as an America(Meyer 115).

When Hemingway returned home from Italy in January of 11 he found Oak Park dull compared to the adventures of war, the beauty of foreign lands, and the romance of an older woman. He was only nineteen but the war had matured him beyond his years. He was now living with his parents who didnt really appreciate what he had been through. His parents where

concerned about his future and wanted him to get a job, and further his education. Hemingway could not find anything he would be interested in. Hemingway often exaggerated his war stories to satisfy his audience. This frustrating period of his life was used to create the short story called, Soldiers Home (Meyer 115).

Hemingways story Soldiers Home conveys his feelings of frustration and shame upon returning home to a town and to parents who still had a romantic notion of war and who didnt understand the psychological impact the war had had on him. They would never be able to comprehend what war was all about. The character of Krebs obviously represents Hemingway. Krebs, after graduating from a Methodist college in Kansas, enlisted in the Marines in 117. He didnt return to the U.S. until years after the war. He came back much too late. (Hemingway 115) By the time he got back, the people of his town where already tired of the atrocity stories of war (Hemingway 116). He felt the urge to talk about his experiences, but no one wanted to listen. This drove Krebs to lie. It seemed to be the only way anyone would listen to him at first. After lying twice, he also had begun to dislike war stories and was turned off by it. This was due to the fact no one even listened to him even when he lied. Even his lies didnt interest people; they already had heard these stories before. Soon Krebs lies and exaggeration resulted in acquiring the feeling of nausea. He would sometimes talk to other soldiers and Krebs would fall into the easy pose of the old soldier among other soldiers that he had been badly, sickeningly frightened all the time. In this way he lost everything. (Hemingway 116)

The war affected him in such a way that it seemed like he was left with little or no emotions. The Marines had taught Krebs that no man needs a woman. They taught him that women involve too much work and only cause problems. Trying to obtain a relationship involved to many consequences. It wouldnt be worth going through the pain of heartbreak or rejection. He would sit on his porch, and watch women walk by. He admired their clothing, their hair, and they way they walked. He wanted a girl, but didnt want to work for one. He didnt want to go through having the stress and pressure when trying to get a girl. He did not want any consequences. (Hemingway 117) The only one who treated him like a hero was his little sister. Krebs faith in religion was also effected. It seemed like all his faith faded after the war. His mother explains to Krebs that, God has some work for everyone to do. There cant be no idle hands in his Kingdom. Kreb replies, Im not in his Kingdom. (Hemingway 11) He seemed to have lost his emotions totally. Even as his mother tells him that she prays for him every day, he is too busy looking at the bacon fat hardening on his plate. (Hemingway 11)

The war had definitely taken its toll on people who survived World War I. They come home from the war (if they come home at all) as different people. These people have seen things that most men will never see. Things that would change someones lives for the worst, things such as death and destruction. Not only were the soldiers affected psychologically but also physically. As shown in Soldiers Home, the character Krebs will never again be the same person he was before World War I. It seems as if his will to live has diminished. Krebs suffered harmful psychological effects, but what about the others that survived the war. Some werent even able to go back home after the war ended.

Hemingways short story, Another Country is about physically injured American soldiers in a hospital in Milan because of the war. These soldiers have sustained major injuries due to fighting on the battlefield. These men will never be the same again. One of the mens knees did not bend and his leg dropped straight from the knee to the ankle without a calf. (Hemingway 06) His leg was put into a machine to rejuvenate it. Next to this man was a major who had a hand like a little babys. Like the other man, his hand was attached to a machine. Before the war the major was the greatest fencer in Italy. After they were done with the machines they would go for a walk in town. Another boy joined sometimes, and he wore a black silk handkerchief across his face. This was because this boy had no nose, and his face was going to be rebuilt. He had gone out to the front from the military academy and been wounded within an hour after he had gone into the front line for the first time. (Hemingway 07)

These devastating injuries due to the war changed these Americans soldiers lives forever. The boy with the injured leg loved playing football. Now he has to have his leg hooked up to a machine. The boy who lost his nose will never be looked at as a normal person ever again. The major as mentioned before was the greatest fencer in Italy. Now the majors hand resembled a babys. He, like the other boy used a machine to recuperate. The major asks the boy with the bad leg what his plans were after the war is over. The boy tells him he would go back to the states and get married. This infuriates the major greatly. He tells the boy he cant marry or he would lose everything (Hemingway 0). What the boy doesnt know is that the majors wife had died while he was at war. Because of the war he was not able to be with his wife who was only sick for a few days and was not expected to die. These men arent even able to go back home because of their injuries. (Hemingway 10)

War can destroy and sometimes end a persons life. Hemingways short stories, Soldiers Home and Another Country are used to show the damaging psychological and physical effects of World War I. Hemingway is able to explain these affects of war to his readers most effectively. This is because of his firsthand experience in his involvement in World War I. He had been exposed to the horrors of war himself. In the story Soldiers Home a man who represents Hemingway comes home from World War I much to late. No one appreciated what he had done for his country and was forever psychologically damaged. He came home as a totally different person and now couldnt lead a normal life. He didnt have the will to work or obtain an education. The American soldiers in Another Country where forever damaged by the war. Each of these men couldnt even leave Europe because of their injuries. These men can never return home and pick up from where they left off. Their injuries will hold them all back from doing the things they love most. One mans injuries held him back from being with his sick wife back at home. These two short stories are perfect examples of how war can change a mans life forever.Please note that this sample paper on Hemingway Here! is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hemingway Here!, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Hemingway Here! will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Critically Assess whether the "big bang" enlargement of the European Union is in the best interests of business in the current member states.

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May 1st 004 will be an historic date for the European Union because ten new Member States will be allowed to join the European Union. These states will be Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Cyprus. Bulgaria and Romania are pencilled in for membership in 007 and Turkey is due to begin negotiations at the end of 004 1. This shows the European Union's commitment to further enlarging itself from the current EU 15 so as to increase the benefits of a larger union; these benefits will be discussed in more detail later in the piece.

After a meeting in Copenhagen in 1, the European Council laid down a number of political and economic conditions that prospective members must meet in order to gain membership to the EU. These criteria became known as the "Copenhagen Criteria" and include the following points. The countries must have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, there must be a respect for human rights and minorities, there must be a functioning market economy, they must have the capacity to cope with market forces within the union and finally they must have the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adopting the European Single Currency .

Before discussing the advantages to business of the enlargement and deepening of the European Union, it is necessary to clarify exactly what the two terms mean and the differences between them. Firstly, enlargement is very simply, the introduction of more countries into the European Union. Deepening, on the other hand is a bit more complicated to explain. In a simplified sense, it is where the member states work towards a fully integrated economy (known as a Full Economic Union), which results in a common market and the complete unification of monetary and fiscal policies. Another aspect of a Full Economic Union (FEU) is that member states should harmonise industrial standards and have the same regulations for things, such as which institutions can register as a bank or an insurance company .

There are a number of stages in-between zero integration and full integration that are shown in Appendix 1. The further down the diagram you are, the greater the level of integration until you reach an FEU when it is perceived that the integration is complete. At the moment, most experts believe that the European Union is in-between stages four and five (see Appendix 1) as there is a common market, yet despite the introduction of the single European currency, it does not have complete monetary and fiscal policy unification. The EU has though, agreed on some basic principles regarding the harmonisation of industrial standards and regulations although they have allowed the individual governments the ability to apply these criteria how they wish.

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Before commenting on the merits of enlargement and deepening, I shall set out some criteria that I shall use to decide whether these two activities will be beneficial for businesses. The first of these criteria is that demand for their products should increase, if not in the short term then definitely in the long term. A second thing that must be present is that working practices should become more efficient leading to increased long term productivity. The third and final criteria that I shall use is that due to increased confidence, businesses should be able to adopt more long term strategies with a reduced fear of failure.

Due to the removal of tariffs and other trade barriers, such as quotas, cross border trade between EU member states will increase. The addition of more than 100 million people 4 into the EU market will allow businesses to sell to more people than before, thus increasing demand. This increase in demand will be especially apparent because the countries trying to gain membership to the EU have had to undertake economic reforms, which have led to high rates of economic growth, meaning that the people of these countries will demand more imports as they will have more money to spend. Having said that, just because there is a larger market for a business to sell to, it does not mean that there will necessarily be an increased demand for their products, especially if the product that they sell is already available in the new countries. It is also true for companies who are part of the ten prospective member states that their products may not meet the standards that are available in the larger countries in the Union, therefore their product will not sell in these other countries and demand will not increase. The European Union though has realised this and after a meeting of the European Round Table in May 001 5 they believed that this gap in standards between certain countries would quickly disappear, as the companies who did not meet the standards would be able to modernise their production procedures due to the sharing of information with other member states.

Due to the increasing prosperity of the proposed member states' economies, foreign direct investment will increase. This will give the businesses the necessary funds to try to increase their output, so that they can sell to this larger market of people. In the long run, this will give them funding that they can use to embark on large projects that would allow the company to grow further. These extra funds can also be used to modernise production techniques, so that the company can compete with the companies in other countries who offer higher quality products than themselves. However, increased competition is not good for all companies, the decline in companies' profits in the airline industry is due to not only the September 11th attacks but also due to increased competition. In this case it was Swiss Air who came off very badly because they simply could not cope with having a lower market share and had to rely on the Swiss government paying £188 million to keep them in business 6.

The enlargement of the European Union would "bind post-communist countries into a strong political community of stable democracies and prosperous economies" 7. This stability will allow businesses to adopt much more long term strategies, especially with regard to investment as the greater the uncertainty there is in the world, the less a business is likely to invest as there is less chance of there being an adequate return on the investment.

Another advantage of enlarging the European Union, is that businesses will be able to have access to a highly skilled workforce since, under the Single European Act 187, there should be free movement of labour between member states 8. Therefore if a company in Malta needed workers who were highly skilled at using complex machinery but could not find them in their own country, they could go and look elsewhere in the Union. This could mean that companies who before produced low quality goods in an inefficient manner can now produce these goods to much better standards and in a much quicker time as well. This is also of use to larger companies within existing member states, who can set up low cost manufacturing bases within in the EU as wages in Eastern Europe are far lower than in the current EU member countries.

The deepening of the economy can also be advantageous to businesses. There is evidence that the EU is net trade creating and that it has added about 1% of GDP to EU output. This is due to the lifting of tariffs and other trade barriers and has meant that the less efficient producers have been replaced by more efficient ones as competition increases. This efficiency will be partly because of the need to beat the competition but also due to the creation of a larger market, firms will be able to enjoy economies of scale to a greater degree. This increase in competition is likely to reduce firms' market share in the short run, however, by concentrating on improving efficiency and promoting R&D and in the long run, firms can uncover the full gains of deeper integration. However, this increased competition will clearly not be good for all businesses. This competition will be bad for companies like Swiss Air, as is discussed earlier in the piece, but will also be bad for smaller public companies, who will face the threat of take-overs as larger firms will be looking to position themselves in the most beneficial market locations.

Appendix shows the results of a study by Allen, Gasiorek and Smith conducted in 17 on behalf of the European Commission, into the best and worst estimates for 1 of the existing member states of the introduction of the single European market and shows extra consumption as a percentage of initial GDP. This information shows that the greater effects of the deepening of the economy will be for the countries with smaller economies and not for the more developed economies of Germany and the UK who will only receive very modest gains. This increase in consumption in the poorer countries is going to increase the competition as more firms are attracted by this potential demand for their goods. Therefore, the only businesses in existing EU countries that will really benefit from this increase in consumption are those that are currently trading in these prospective member states or who plan to do so in the future.

One advantage of deepening is that it is supposed to stimulate technological advancement, as firms share ideas to help each other. This would help those businesses in the prospective member states to improve their production techniques and increase their productivity as a result. However, in practice this does not really happen, as companies are reluctant to share information with others. This would be especially true in this case, since the firms from different European countries would be in direct competition with each other due to the increase in inter-European trade and would be unlikely to share their secrets with the competition.

One of the Copenhagen Criteria for prospective member countries is that they must join the Single European Currency . This will be good for businesses who already trade in other European countries, but who usually face the risk of currency fluctuations reducing their profits and will allow them to trade with other European countries without this risk, thus boosting cross border trade. However this will have little or no affect to smaller businesses who just trade within their own country, as the exchange rate mechanism never effected them before anyway.

Many commentators believe that deepening and enlargement act in conflict with each other. One of the arguments for this theory is that deepening will be harder as there will be more countries that must decide on the deepening measures, making it less likely that they will come to a decision. This would be especially apparent if the particular measure must be unanimously agreed without anyone vetoing it. The European Union has tried to solve this by insisting that all of the new prospective members must join the Single European Currency and, therefore, hand over control of their monetary policies to the European Central Bank.

It is also true that some of the new members may not be fully prepared for the highest levels of integration. For example, Greece found it very difficult in trying to meet the Maastricht criteria in order to join the EMU. However they did manage to meet the criteria eventually meaning that enlargement may cause the deepening process to move along more slowly rather than not at all.

The more the economy is enlarged, then the more regulations there are. This means that it is becoming ever harder for new members to join the EU, as they have to comply with all the EU laws and directives before joining. However, the fact that it is harder to enter into the Union will be good for the existing countries, since it will mean that only the most appropriate candidates will be able to gain membership. This will also be good since this will put less of a strain on the already stretched EU budget, as the poorer countries will have to become more prosperous before they can join.

One recent example that seems to say that enlargement and deepening can happen at the same time is that Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal all joined just as the Single European Market was being introduced 10. Therefore, as they had no problems joining as further deepening was occurring, there is no reason to suggest that when the new member states join the EU, there cannot be further deepening then.

When Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain joined the European Union, they received help from the Cohesion Fund, since their GNP was lower than 0% of the EU average. The Union has allocated this fund €18 billion over seven years 11. However, due to budgetary constraints, the new members will not be joining the Union with the motivation of receiving any large cash handouts. Therefore, this big bang enlargement will not cost the Union as much as the previous ones did, so it does not really matter how many countries join at once.

However, I would have concerns over Poland joining along with the rest of the applicants, due to the high percentage of their workforce in agriculture (7%) 1. Under the current EU budget for agriculture, Poland would gain a large percentage of the budget, leaving some of the existing members states with hardly any of the agricultural budget. I believe that the budget should be changed before Poland are allowed to join, so that the existing member states do not lose out. I would also be concerned by the introduction of Latvia, who have the lowest GDP per head of 18% 1. This is due to the gap of about 0-0% in price for certain agricultural goods between EU prices and those in Latvia causing the price of those goods to rise. This would stimulate over production of food in Latvia, leading to large food mountains but could also mean that the people of Latvia may not be able to afford food.

In conclusion, whilst it is clear that there will be short term difficulties in the enlargement of the European Union, I believe that the increased trade and competition will mean that the enlargement will be good for businesses, especially those with appropriate strategies to benefit from the enlargement. I also believe that increased enlargement is not in conflict with further deepening mainly due to the fact that Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal all joined the Union as it was deepening and had no major problems. However the European Union must address some budgetary concerns before the introduction of Poland and must also be aware of the low GDP per head, coupled with an increase in prices in Latvia before allowing these two countries to join.1. www.europa.eu.int/pol/enlarg/overview_en.htm, 18th March 00, Activities of the European Union Enlargement. Official Website of the European Union

. www.europa.eu.int/pol/enlarg/overview_en.htm, 18th March 00, Activities of the European Union Enlargement. Official Website of the European Union

. Economics, Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch, Sixth edition, McGraw Hill, page 50.

4. www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/arguments/index.htm, 18th March 00, The basic arguments for enlargement, Official Website of the European Union

5. www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/arguments/benefits.pdf, 15th March 00, The economic and business effects of enlargement, (extract from a position paper and analysis of the European Round Table, May 001), Official Website of the European Union

6. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/157666.stm, 0th March 00, State Rescues Swiss Air, BBC News website.

7. Grabbe, H. (001) Profiting from EU enlargement, page 8

8. http//parleunet.jrc.it/m0187.htm, 10th March 00, The Single European Act, Official Website for the ParlEuNet Project, a project financed by the European Commission to try to increase young people's awareness of how the European Parliament Works

. www.europa.eu.int/pol/enlarg/overview_en.htm, 18th March 00, Activities of the European Union Enlargement. Official Website of the European Union

10. www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/arguments/index.htm, 18th March 00, The basic arguments for enlargement, Official Website of the European Union

11. http//europa.eu.int/comm/agenda000/public_en.pdf, 18th March 00, Europe's Agenda 000 Strengthening and Widening the European Union, Version 1.8, Official Website for the European Union

1. Gary Cook, International Economics Lecture 1, The Single European Market, page 1

1. Gary Cook, International Economics Lecture 1, The Single European Market, page 1Please note that this sample paper on Critically Assess whether the "big bang" enlargement of the European Union is in the best interests of business in the current member states. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Critically Assess whether the "big bang" enlargement of the European Union is in the best interests of business in the current member states., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Critically Assess whether the "big bang" enlargement of the European Union is in the best interests of business in the current member states. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Meaning of Silence

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The Meaning of Silence

Introduction

This paper analyzes the nature of silence, the possible meaning of it, and the reasons for the different understanding of it in intercultural communication. At the end of the paper, some suggestions are given for successful understanding of it. It is the author's intention that this knowledge can facilitate effective intercultural communication.

Silence, as one of the means of non-verbal communication, is also called "quiet time? In almost any language, we can find evidences to show importance people attach to it in English, we have a proverb ?speech is silver, and silence is golden.?In Chinese, we have ?silence is better than speech.?(cishi wusheng sheng yousheng). However, in actual communication, the significance of silence is largely ignored or, to make things worse, it is misunderstood partly because of the uncertain relationship between the signifier and the signified, since, in essence, silence is a sign. It is especially true in intercultural communication where different people's cultural value conflicts. Therefore, it is highly necessary to better our understanding of it to achieve effective communication.

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Nature of Silence

As I have emphasized, silence is not an interruption of communication, rather, it is a means of communication and it is a language. Broadly speaking, according to Kwal and Gamble, it can be classified into seven categories

1) body language or kinetics (facial expressions, posture, eye gaze and eye contact, and gestures);

) clothing and artifactual communication;

) voice or paralanguage (including pitch, volume, rate and pauses);

4) space and distance, or proxemic factors (including both the space that exists between us when we talk to each other and the way we organize space in our homes, offices, and communities);

5) color;

6) time, or chronemics;

7) touch, or haptics.

Therefore, silence is multichannel. However, since it covers too much scope, this paper only deals with one kind of silence, the nonvocal one.

Functions of Silence

Silence can be classified into three groups according to its different functions according to Bruneau.

1) Psycholinguistic Silence----Both, speaker and listener of speech need to gain time to construct mental thoughts into proper words and grammatical forms, or to interpret the message. This is often done by hesitations which are forms of silence (Bruneau, 17p1). For example, in an interview, the interviewee is generally given some time to think before s/he is asked to answer the questions. Therefore, they include psychological activities. Since generally speaking, if people take some time to think about the question before answering it, it also shows that the speakers are quite serious with it, therefore, it is also employed by tactful speakers. However, it does not contain a potential source of misunderstanding in an intercultural conversation as it only describes cognitive processes and has no differences among people involved and the length of this silence largely depends on the length of sentences and the complexity of the topic. The longer the sentence is, the more complex the topic is, the longer the silence or hesitation is.

) interactive silences--- they are pausal interruptions in a conversation and which tend to be longer than hesitations. Bruneau noted that interactive silences differ from psycholinguistic silence mainly in each participants conscious recognition of the degree and manner in which he is expected to participate in communicative exchange.(17 p15). A long interactive silence can signify that one is careful or has an emotionally close relationship with his or her counterpart or, he wants to diverse the topic or information. Moreover interactive silence can express deep emotions and it is used as a form of social control. For example, in order to give others a big surprise, we may, before telling others the good news, just say "say what, I have a piece of good news to tell you.?And then, simply keep silent for a short while. In public speeches and in classroom teaching, it is a well-employed technique to achieve user's various goals. For example, in order to attract the attention of some noisy students in the classroom, teachers may not need to raise their voices to compete with them, instead, they may suddenly keep silent, and the noisy students, since they don't know what happens, will immediately stop talking. Interactive silence can be problematic in intercultural communication, since different culture has difference tolerance of hesitation. Generally speaking, eastern countries have more tolerance of it. Therefore, when westerners communicate with easterners, they need to be very careful not to interrupt them. The following case may help illustrate this.

Athabaskans accept a slightly longer pause between sentences than do English speakers. When an English speaker has finished a sentence he expects the Athabaskan to take the burden of speak within a certain time. Due to different systems of pausing between turns, the Athabaskan would reply later than the English expects. The English might think that his interlocutor does not want to speak and feels free to continue. But at the same time, the Athabaskan has just been waiting his regular length of time before answering in order not to interrupt the speaker. If the conversation continues this way, the Athabaskan will not be able to start talking or to make any comments while the English speaker goes on and on. The conversation seems to be for both sides rather unsatisfying. It can moreover lead to negative assumptions by the interlocutors. The Athabaskan might think that the English speaker just wants to present his point of view and that he is not interested in the other one. In contrast the English speaker could assume that the Athabaskan is not interested in his opinion or, even worse, that he is not able to follow him intellectually. A similar situation can occur when the Athabaskan intends to say a series of sentences. After having finished the first one, he will wait his regular length of time before continuing. The English speaker will now most likely interrupt him because he thinks that the Athabaskan has finished due to the length of the pause. In this context, the English speaker might feel that the Athabaskan cannot pronounce a whole coherent idea and vice versa the Athabaskan feels interrupted and not being able to say what he intended to say.

) .Socio-cultural silence---Cultural communication patterns include not only rules concerning the use of verbal expressions but determine also situations in which entire social and cultural orders select silence in order to express their intentions or feelings. Socio-cultural silence may help understanding cultural communication patterns much better than spoken words. Basso stated that an adequate ethnography of communication should not confine itself exclusively to the analysis of choice within the verbal repertoires. It should also (...) specify those conditions under which the members of the society regularly decide to refrain from verbal behavior altogether. (Basso, 10p05)

From the above definition, we therefore come to realize that interactive silence and psycholinguistic silence are more or less international. (The difference between interactive silence and psycholinguistic silence is that, the former refers to the silence when speaker knows what he is going to talk about, while the latter refers the silence when speaker is thinking what he is going to talk about. The former is done strategically, while the latter is done obligedly.) However, socio-cultural silence is more culture-bond and specific. It is a major potential cause of misunderstanding or breakdown in intercultural communication since cultural norms that guide communication are very different and they influence people subconsciously. In the following part, we then, take a good look at this factor. First, we are going to be familiar with the meaning of silence in some cultural communities.

The Meaning of Silence

Depending on the situation, silence can mean, culture, for example,

respect Like, in many cultures, in a piano concert you are not supposed to keep silence till the end of it.

Approval Like in Chinese, when you propose to a girl, and she just says nothing and gives you a shy smile, that means approval. We call it tacit consent. (moxu in Chinese)

Disapproval In cultures where politeness is more valued than straightforwardness, people keep silent when they disapprove something.

Neutrality Like in France, silence is a form of neutral communication to keep a respectful distance from strangers.

Ignorance People of some culture are very likely to keep silent when they are asked questions they don't know how to answer.

Sympathy People in some countries are liable to keep silent when you tell them your tragedy. However, don't misunderstand them by saying they are cold-blooded, for silence is their way of sharing your pains and sufferings.

Apart from it, of course, silence can mean thinking time, or speaking strategy in interactive silence and psychological silence, since it is comparatively easy to understand, we are not going to discuss in detail.

Explanation of Difference in Silence

High context culture vs low context culture

Why there is so much difference in silence in different cultures? Edward Hall explains this by dividing culture into high context culture and low context culture. A high context culture, he explains "A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message.?176, p7). Countries of High context are China, Japan, Finland, Vietnam, and Korea. In high context culture, therefore, meaning is based on an indirect style emphasizing the implicit meaning of words in a given social context. The onus is on the reader or listener to decode the meaning from the socio-linguistic context and not for the writer or speaker to send an explicit message that can be understood by all and without any difficulty. Speaker from high context culture generally will not ask his listeners whether they have understood, or even if s/he asks, the listeners are not supposed to ask any for silence can show respect toward the speaker, even when they don't understand, they are supposed to nod and keep silent.

A low context culture, on the contrary, is the one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.?(176, p.7). Countries of low context culture are Germany, Greek, Arab, Native America and so on. In low context, therefore, everything is plain and presented white and black. Therefore, meaning is based on the personal and explicit message, and if the reader or listener fail to understand, it is the responsibility of the speaker or writer. In low context culture, after a speaker finishes his speech, he generally will leave some time for questions, and listeners are really supposed to ask whatever questions.

From these two definitions, we know, in high-context culture, since words are only partly responsible for the information it is not valued as much as in low context culture. Thus, people turn to more non-verbal communications, and silence, consequently plays an important role in this community. Furthermore, since silence provides assistance to verbal communication, it is attributed to more positive meanings, like respect, acceptance etc. However, since in low context culture, message relies on words, and they are fully responsible for the information, so silence, the stop of using words, is given more negative meanings, like ignorance, incompetence, and failure.

In intercultural communication, due to the different emphasis people assign to silence, and the unconscious influence of culture, people tend to judge silence of other cultures according to their own value, which results in misunderstanding or even communication breakdown. For example, an American teacher who teaches oral English in Japan feels just mad when, every time, he asks his Japanese students to answer questions, they simply keep silent, even if the answer is very obvious. To make him madder is, when he asks whether they understand him or not, they nod their heads, and then, when they are asked to speak or practice, they don't know. I think, if the American teacher had more ideas about cultural difference, the problem will become very easy to solve. Because, on the part of Japanese students, the fact that they keep silent doesn't mean they don't know the answer, like in American classroom. On the contrary, many of them are waiting for the teacher to call their names. It is also true with the second case. Students from Japanese culture nod their heads to show respect toward teacher and that don't mean they have understood. The key problem in this case is, in the teacher's culture, words are needed whereas in the students?culture, silence can serve the same purpose.

However, a question may pop in our minds why in high context culture, people use words to convey message while in low context culture, people use silence more often to convey message? There are several explanations for it.

Words vs silence. If we take a better look at the countries of high context culture and those of low context culture, we will realize that, in low context culture, words are valued, while in high context culture, silence is valued. In Greek, for example, people began the formal study of rhetoric as early as 5 BC with the Sophists, followed by Socrates Plato and Aristotle. From that on, they never neglected the importance of speech. In many western countries like America, the important status of words can be reflected by one sentence from the Bible 'In the beginning was the word.?Word and world are treated equally. Therefore, in order to explore the truism of the world, they need to use words as often as possible. However, in most Asian countries, words are regarded as evil. For example, in Japan, there was one old saying 'Out of mouth comes all evil.?In China, people are told to ?be quick in action, and careful in speech? Laotzi also said 'Those who know don't speak, and those who don't know speak? On the other hand, the attitude toward silence is just reversed. In low context countries like America and Greek, silence is regarded as an interruption of communication, and people who keep silent in communication are labeled as "uncooperative.?However, in high context countries, silence is considered a virtue and it is a natural phenomenon and the meaning of silence is explored to the greatest possible degree. For example, Asian people keep silent in front of old people or authority to show their respect; they keep silent when they are happy and sad depending on the situation.

Individualism vs collectivism. Collectivism and individualism also play a role in the difference understanding of silence. In countries where individualism is valued, people are not likely to think from other's perspective. In addition, their attitude toward conflict is more positive. Therefore, they treat silence as destructive. However, in countries where collectivism is valued, people are more likely to think in other's stand, and harmony is what they want to achieve in communication and conflicts are destructive, therefore, they will not speak out the dissatisfaction and simply keep silent.

After knowing the difference of silence, and the cause of the difference, we therefore are able to know what we should do to understand the meaning of silence in intercultural communication. There are some suggestions.

Suggestions for Correct Understanding of Silence

?understand the diverse nature of culture and respect other's culture People need to know culture and culture are different and other cultures are as good as theirs.

?be more tolerant Since in some culture, silence can be very long, people should be more tolerant and don't interrupt others in between. Tolerance also means people need to tolerate the differences in communication means.

?avoid stereotyping Since culture can't be judged good or bad, people can't consider other's culture according their cultural thinking patterns. Instead, they should learn to be Romans when they are in Rome.

?try to read between lines In some culture words are not as important as that in other culture, and everything is not plain, therefore, people need to read between lines to know the illocutionary act.

?recourse to other non-verbal means In communication, there are bound to be many signs to help people understand the meaning of silence, and these recourses should never be neglected.

?ask for clarification It is not a very good way, since, in some culture, people want to establish rapport inside the group, therefore, they leave many things unsaid, if people from other group can not understand and ask for clarification, they will not be considered as insiders. But, it is always better to know the truth, so, if it is a "have to? they should better do it.

Conclusion

Silence can cause misunderstanding and even breakdown in intercultural communication since silence can be culture-bond. However, if we understand the different meaning of it in different culture, it will become a lot easy.Reference

Bruneau,T.J. (17), Communicative Silences Forms and Functions, in Mortensen, C.D.

Basso, K. (10) To give up on words Silence in Western Apache cultures, in Carbough, D.

Scollon, R./Wong-Scollon, S. Athabaskan-English interethnic communication, in

Carbough, D.

Fan Z, Y (001) Silence Langue, and communication Journal of Shandong Normal University 6(1) -4

Hall, E, T. (176), Beyond Culture, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York,

Song, L (18) the different voices of silence Journal Heilongjiang University, Vol. 1 pp56-57

Yang, P (16) the pragmatic function and cultural connotation of silence Shandong foreign language teaching 6 () 78-80

A Brief History of Rhetoric and Composition http//www.bedfordbooks.com/bb/history.html

Nonverbal Communication Silent Language Speaks http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/00740077/student_view0/chapter6/learning_objectives.html

Communication across culture http//www.siu.edu/~ekachai/language.html

Differences in communication styles between cultures http//www.hausarbeiten.de/rd/archiv/linguistik/ling-text1.shtmlPlease note that this sample paper on the Meaning of Silence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the Meaning of Silence, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on the Meaning of Silence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Competency

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What is Competency Mapping

It is about identifying preferred behaviours and personal skills which distinguish excellent and outstanding performance from the average.

A Competency is something that describes how a job might be done, excellently; a Competence only describes what has to be done, not how. So the Competences might describe the duties of a Sales Manager for example, such as manage the sales office and its staff, prepare quotations and sales order processing, manage Key Accounts and supervise and motivate the field sales force. The Competencies which might determine excellence in this role could include Problem Solving and Judgment; Drive and Determination; Commercial Awareness; Inter-personal skills etc, all of which might be described further by Behavioural Indicators relating specifically to that post in that organisation.

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The broad concept might be said to be based on the frequently quoted adage people get hired for what they know but fired for how they behave!

Competency mapping

When should they be used

The use of Competencies can include assessment during recruitment, through specific work-based exercises and relevant, validated, psychometric tests; assessment during further development; as a profile during assessment to guide future development needs; succession planning and promotion; organisational development analysis.

Techniques used to map Competencies include Critical Incident Analysis and Repertory Grid.

Individual Improvement =

Organizational Improvement

Robin Throckmorton, M.A., SPHR

If you could find a tool that would provide beneficial feedback to employees that would lead to performance improvement and bottomline results to the organization, would you take advantage of it? Many organizations have found such a tool and found many uses for it. For a number of years, this tool was viewed as a fad but it has survived that first impression and become a tool for organizational improvement. This tool is multi-rater feedback or 60 degree feedback.

Lets start by defining multi-rater feedback so we are all on the same page

Multi-rater feedback is a behavioral assessment focused on obtaining feedback on an individuals performance relative to key behaviors from those around the individual including direct reports, peers, customers, supervisor, and even themselves.

The concept of multi-rater feedback is that everyone who is interfacing with an individual has perceptions of how they feel the individual is performing. Too often, the supervisor is relied upon to provide this feedback. Not all supervisors have the opportunity to see the employee perform on a day to day basis or in all situations that the employees peers, direct reports, or customers may. Plus, by focusing the feedback on the behaviors needed to succeed on the job, the individual will have a better chance of identifying and implementing changes and improvements to those behaviors like communications, team orientation, or customer service.

But, before we get too far, we need to realize that multi-rater feedback is not necessarily the right tool for everyone. To begin with and most importantly, your organization must have a very high trusting culture. If employees dont trust each other or the organization, they will either not participate in the multi-rater assessment or fail to provide the open and honest feedback necessary to benefit the individual and ultimately the bottomline of the organization. Some other issues to consider are

1) Do employees feel like their input is valued?

) Does everyone feel like they are treated fairly and equally?

) Is there cooperation between units, teams, and/or departments?

4) Do the employees want this feedback?

Finally, for multi-rater feedback to succeed it must be championed and fully supported by management. This means managers must feel that multi-rater feedback does support the strategic goals and values of the organization. Therefore, they will support the time and resources needed through implementation and long-term development of behaviors.

Before we get into more specific details, there is one more thing we need to address. Will you be using the multi-rater feedback for appraisal (employment decisions) or development? At least in the beginning, if not always, multi-rater feedback must be used for development only. Even if you have the most trusting and supportive environment, your data / feedback from others will be corrupted if it impacts an employment decision (i.e. merit increase, promotion, termination). If you use it for development only, employees feel more comfortable providing open and honest feedback that will help someone else improve performance, which ultimately improves everyones performance. After time, you can assess whether or not your organization is ready to move from using the feedback for development to appraisal but it is definitely not recommended in the early stages.

So if your organization is ready for multi-rater feedback and is initially using it only for development, there are a number of ways that you can use the tool including individual development, organizational culture change, teamwork, indirect input on an appraisal, customer input, or succession planning. Below are a few examples of how I have used multi-rater feedback with my clients

Management Team I designed and administered a multi-rater feedback tool to the top management team. The goal was to help the managers develop their management/leadership behaviors and obtain input on how the employees in the organization viewed each manager as well as the team. Each manager confidentially received their data and immediately used it to help improve their leadership. The feedback was exactly what the managers needed to move forward and gain the support of their employees!

New Team Leader I had an individual who was taking on a new role as a team leader. In order to ensure he was effectively leading the team, I facilitated input from the team members to identify the expected behaviors of the team leader. He was then assessed every 60 days to see how he was doing as their new team leader. The motivation and support he received from the team through this effort was priceless; plus, he became the leader that they needed to succeed.

Employee Development Ive used multi-rate feedback for employee development in two different ways. First, I designed and administered it to all employees as a development tool to help employees continue to grow and develop in their careers with the organization. It was received by both management and employees as a win-win opportunity for the entire organization. Another way I have used multi-rater feedback is to help employees who dont realize how others perceive their performance. By using the tool, we were able to identify some areas for improvement that would lead toward removing some of the negative perceptions others had of them.

Succession Planning Every organization should have a succession plan for at least their key positions. To determine the readiness of an individual for a position, I have used multi-rater feedback to assess the individuals behaviors relative to the key position they were being groomed for. We then began developing the areas of improvement so the individual would be ready when the succession plan was enacted.

As you can see, there are many ways that you can use multi-rater feedback to help improve an individuals behavior which in turn improves the organizations performance. To implement a multi-rater feedback program, youll need to do or think about the following

1) Do you want to create your own instrument or buy one off the shelf?

) What are the key behaviors of your organization or each position that you want to assess?

) How will you define each behavior to ensure the quality of the assessment?

4) How many questions will be on your survey? (Note Its easy for this number to grow but depending on your organization, you want to keep it as low as possible while still providing quality results. Generally, between 0 - 50 questions is about right).

5) Do you want an outside organization to administer the process to enhance confidentiality or is there enough trust to do it internally?

6) Will the instrument be paper and pencil, computer based, web based, telephone service, or face to face interview?

7) What training or communications will you provide to the individuals being assessed, to the raters, and to the supervisors?

8) Who will choose the respondents the employee or the supervisor?

) How will you ensure the utmost confidentiality of the entire process?

10) What will the results look like? Will you provide one overall average for each behavior or break it down by type of respondent (i.e. peer, direct report, supervisor)? Will it be graphical and/or numerical? Will you identify the strengths or developmental needs for the employee?

11) Who will get the results the employee, supervisor, or both?

1) Will a copy of the results be maintained in the employees file?

1) Who will discuss the results with the employee? Supervisor? HR? Internal Consultant? External Consultant? (No matter whom you select, be sure they are trained to provide effective feedback).

14) What supports will be available to help coach the employee through the development and implementation of an improvement plan?

15) How will you evaluate the entire program to ensure it is meeting its intended goals for the organization?

Multi-rater feedback takes a great deal of time and thought to been done correctly and effectively. You dont want to spend all that time and effort and have the program fizzle. Organizations that have been able to use multi-rater feedback successfully have

A commitment and link to their business goals and values.

An effective communication plan to ensure everyone understands and is comfortable with all aspects of the program.

An emphasis on confidentiality that is never breached.

Clear accountability and follow-up plans that are created to ensure development.

Many organizations have already begun to reap the benefits of multi-rater feedback through its many uses. You too can benefit! With the dramatic improvements in technology, many new off the shelf tools are coming available daily. Plus, with all this enhanced technology, it viable for you to create a customized tool yourself or through an external consultant for not much more. As you evaluate your organizations effectiveness, be sure you consider how multi-rater feedback can help improve your organizations performance. Isnt it worth checking it out

Performance Management

The Individual Strategic Plan

Robin Throckmorton, M.A., SPHR

Performance management has become an ever-increasing critical tool to success for businesses. Within the last year we have experienced both a booming economy as well as a recession; a historically low unemployment rate combined with massive layoffs and business closings. But the bottom line to all of this is people! AND, we are human and as such are typically much more productive when we have clear goals, expectations, and feedback.

Would you tell me please, which way I ought to go from here?

That depends a good deal on where you want to get to, said the Cat.

I dont much care where- said Alice

Then it doesnt much matter which way you go, said the Cat.

- from Alices Adventures in Wonderland

If you have had the opportunity to attend one of my strategic planning sessions, youve seen me use this quote in reference to developing a company or departments strategic plan. But, a strategic plan is a waste of time and effort if it does not get communicated and tied to the performance of all employees through Individual Strategic Plans. Whether this is a formal process or informal process depends a great deal on your particular organization.

Lets start with the informal process...If your organization can effectively communicate and link the strategic goals of the organization to each individuals goals AND regularly provide feedback to an employee, then you may be able to succeed without a formal performance management tool. Even with an informal process, you will need to develop a system with specific checkpoints to be sure the communication is constant and two-way to ensure that the employee is on-track and getting both positive and constructive feedback in a timely manner.

If the world was perfect, I would encourage everyone to use an informal process; however, time seems to get the best of us. Without a formal process, goals are unclear at best, if any, and feedback is rare. To facilitate a process that is successful for both the employee and the organization, a formal performance management system can work for you. A well-designed performance management system should make your job easier not more cumbersome.

To begin developing a system or any new program or initiative, I like to use Development Dimension Internationals (DDI) six Checkpoints for Implementation

1. OUTCOMES - What results am I looking for?

For your performance management system, youll need to think about what you hope to gain from the system. For example increased productivity, improve retention, increased employee morale, and improved communications.

. BENEFITS - Why is this important? (Payoff - Whats in it for me?)

Both the company and the employee need to know why they are doing this in order to feel ownership for the system. Your organization may see the benefits as some of the outcomes listed above, as well as a method for linking individual performance to the organizations performance. Individuals may see it as a way to continue to develop and grow with the organization while adding value back to the company. Remember, growth opportunities and meaningful work are two of the top reasons employees leave their jobs.

. BARRIERS - What might prevent me from being successful?

In order to ensure the success of your system, you need to anticipate any barriers and identify what you will do to prevent or minimize the impact of those barriers. Some examples may be resistance to change, time constraints, or lack of management support.

4. SUPPORT- What resources are available?

Youll need to clearly identify what resources or individuals are available to help you develop and implement the system. Once you have identified your resources, youll want to include them in the process as much as possible in order to obtain their buy-in and benefit from what they can offer. Some examples of support are top management, employees, expert consults, other organizations, budget, and customer needs.

5. APPROACH - What steps must I take to achieve my goals? (Be specific -- who, when, duration, etc.)

By identifying the outcomes, benefits, barriers, and supports, you will be better able to begin mapping out the approach for developing and implementing your performance management system. Some questions you may want to consider include

a. What exactly do you need formalized to help facilitate goal setting, feedback, and documentation?

Many times organizations assume performance management is the evaluation at the end of the review period. However, an effective performance management system begins with the development of a performance plan at the BEGINNING of the evaluation period. This performance plan or individual strategic plan is a living document that may need updating throughout the plan year.

In general, systems should include both competencies and goals. With most of my clients, we develop a group of core competencies or behaviors that mirror the values of the organization. Plus, we develop individualized goals for each employee that are tied to the goals of the business.

There are many canned and customizable systems out there that can help you identify what you want to include in your system. To help you generate ideas, you may want to seek samples from other companies or resources (i.e. Performance Appraisals A Collection of Samples by SHRM Information Center ~$5.00 or Performance Impact by KnowledgePoint). Be sure any piece of information you include on the form adds value rather than creates work for others. Plus, be sure the form is a tool not a rule!

b. How often do you need to formally discuss goals and feedback versus informally?

Like your business plan, a performance plan is a living document and the goals and feedback should be ongoing and constant. However, it often takes a formal get-together for this to actually happen. If your organization is not one to proactively meet throughout the plan year, then a formal meeting, even if short, should be arranged at least quarterly to ensure an employee is getting timely feedback and still supporting both their individual and the organizations strategic plan(s). Plus, if you summarize this quarterly meeting your end of the year review will be a breeze.

c. Who needs to be trained on performance management and coaching?

We all could benefit from training on performance management and coaching. Even if you are the best manager, a refresher on performance management simply helps you continuously grow as a proactive manager. Formal training can also help ensure all managers are working with the same set of tools, including assistance with the seeming struggle about how to be a manager and a coach at the same time. Learning what has been successful and not successful with others will help everyone in the organization succeed.

d. What will you do to involve both employees and management in the process?

Employees and supervisors will not take the time for performance planning and reviews if management does not support it. Management has to realize the value added (i.e. increased productivity, improved morale, retention) of performance management and demonstrate their support of the system to all employees. This may require involving a key management player in the development and implementation of the system.

Like management, employees will be more encouraged to take the feedback and direction of performance management seriously if they are involved with the development of the system. To do this, you can either survey employees to identify their needs or include them in a team tasked to evaluate and develop a program. Plus, COMMUNICATE!!!

e. How will the system be tied to compensation?

Of course, any system is going to be much more open and honest when there is little or no connection to pay. The catch is, that you need have to have some way to measure employee performance, in order to provide performance based increases. Youll need to develop a clear philosophy and supporting policy for merit increases. Because this will depend on your budget and values, each organization may have a totally different philosophy and policy on pay increases. By making this policy clear and communicating it up front, the link to compensation will have a better chance of being both objective and effective.

6. EVALUATION - How will I know when Ive reached my goal?

To often this last checkpoint in implementation is skipped. It is very important for you to constantly evaluate your program. Some ways you can do this is through focus groups, employee surveys, or interviewing management. The key is to schedule it and just do it!

Remember, you dont want your employees feeling like Alice did in Alice in Wonderland. You need to be sure you are communicating the expectations and goals of the organization and tying them to each employees Individual Strategic Plan in order to realize success. Whether this is a formal or an informal process doesnt matter as long as you are doing it!!

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The mystery of the Origin of Life

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About 4 billion years ago the planet that today is called Earth came to live than years later life came to exist on that planet that humans live on today. But since then humans the search for knowledge about the origin of humanity is as troubled human minds. Since then the greatest have not stopped figuring out how they came to life but have never found an answer and today this problem is one of the greatest mysteries unsolved by human minds. The search for how life began on Earth can be dated as far as prehistoric times. The men and women of that time spoke of the wind and the trees, of water and fishes, and of fire and birds as if they were all living things but years later realized that animals are alive while other things are dead. They then tried to understand what it was that made them different so they gathered facts about living things and tried to come with theories about how life began; they proposed that life was the same as breath because they thought of the life or spirit of an animal as a thing that was separate from its body. But as modern science proved life is not a thing but a process made up of all the movements of the body so this theory then was not valuable. (Irving Adler 1-)

This answer given by the primitive man was based on his limited experience but he was a maker of things and thought just like he made things plants and animals were made by somebody else, a supreme being that they called Gods. From that these men proposed that these Gods must have molded animals and men out of clay and gave them life by blowing breath into them but after scientists collected a lot of facts about living things they rejected that theory (Irving ).

"The knowledge of the ancient scientists was limited by the weakness of the human eye" says Irving Adler in his book How Life Began (4) and this explains how both theories proposed by the early inhabitants of earth were inaccurate and not true. But he goes farther and explains why these flaws occurred.

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[…] They were able to observe things that were large enough to be seen by the naked eye. But where things too small to be seen by the naked eye, they did not even know that they existed. Their knowledge was also limited by its spotty character. They had bits and snatches of information gathered by accidental observation. They did not carry on thorough, systematic experiments the way scientists do today. Their knowledge was mixed with great amounts of ignorance. Their gaps in their knowledge introduced serious errors into their theories. (4)

Scientists around this time knew that life produces life when they say earthworms coming out of the soil and mice appearing from nowhere. They did not know that these animals came from eggs or one of their same so they thought the soil produced worms an so on and this brought them to believe that life is always growing out of dead matter thus the theory of spontaneous generation adopted by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and used for hundred years until European scientists proposed the theory of evolution.

The word evolution refers to the change of something over a period of time (Websters 64). In biology, the theory of evolution is the complex of processes by which living organisms originated on earth and have been diversified and modified through sustained changes in form and function(Valentine). This theory proposes that between 4 million and 10 million years ago, all organisms on earth had a common ancestor and that through a process of evolution, all living organisms descended from this common ancestor (Coyne).The first step towards the theory of evolution started with Louis Pasteur. "Through a series of experiments he proved that there are germs floating in the air and that they settle on everything around us", says Irving Adler and with this finding he showed that the theory of spontaneous generation was false with his belief that it is a law of life that living things come only from living things, and like produces like and paved the way to the theory of evolution. (Irving 7). Chevalier de Lamarck, a French naturalist proposed a theory of evolution in 180 but people did not believe in evolution so his idea did not get much scientific consideration until Charles R. Darwin announced his theory of evolution (Coyne).

When in November 4, 185 Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored races in the Struggle for Life it turned out to be one of the best books ever written and it changed forever the way people thought about life on earth. In it Darwin said that he did not deny that God created all life on earth but that he saw plenty of proofs that earth's plants and animals had not remained unchanged since Creation. "Darwin said that earth's species had changed, or evolved, from other forms into their present form. This took millions of years to happen. And it happened through a process called natural selection" (1-). Darwin found out that there is a competition to survive among individuals of the same animal or plant group. Darwin also saw that nature provides some individuals of a group with some advantages that helps them beat out others, survive, and reproduce. But Darwin pointed out that these individuals pass these traits onto their offspring while the other "weak" members do not survive and their kind dies out. "Over the years, the small differences add up. The form of a plant or animal species may change. Some less fit forms die our, but may be preserved as fossils. Perhaps similar species, somewhat changed in form, survive and live on." Darwin also said that animals of the same class who differ completely from each other like the horse and the porpoise may have body parts that are similar and from that deducted that there was a common ancestor. He then laid out that human beings and animals were related. (-4) Darwin is the most well known scientist to write on evolution but at the beginning he was persecuted by Creationists and scientists who were jealous of him.

There are many different variations on the theory of evolution. One related idea to evolution is gradualism. Gradualism is the idea that evolutionary changes do not occur suddenly but over large amounts of time, ranging from decades to millions of years(Coyne). Genetic drift is another way that scientists define evolution. When two of a species mate, their offspring gets chromosomes from both parents. When a gene does not split and combine correctly, a mutation occurs. This mutation will get passed down from the creature to its offspring. In this way a species can permanently be changed (Coyne). Scientists who have accepted the general theory of evolution as fact disagree among themselves about the ratio of importance between natural selection and genetic drift. They also disagree about what caused the apparent gaps in fossil layers. New species abruptly(Valentine) appear in the fossil record with no apparent mutation from another species, then remain unchanged for long periods of time. They do not seem to exhibit the gradual changes that would be expected by modern evolutionists (Valentine). Many people, including those in the scientific community, do not accept the theory of evolution as fact.

While many scientists today do no approve with the theory of evolution they have espoused two main theories about the origin of life either living identities came fro outer space or it arose spontaneously by chance, an explanation that scientists mostly prefer. But to historians both theories are ironic for the belief in the spontaneous origin of life was supposed to have been put to rest by Pasteur in the 1800s. But nonetheless pendent questions arise concerning the spontaneity of life, whether or not life originated from a space, a supreme power or polyphyletic. (Taylor 1-00)

While waiting for an answer some scientists became with an answer about when this event happened. Some scientists like Gordon Rattrap Taylor proposed how life came on earth.

It was very early, perhaps after billion years of the earth's four-and-a-half-billion years history when conditions were, one might think, still inimical to it. The earth's crust was just only forming; the central land mass had not yet separated distinctively from the sea. Greta upheavals and sinkings were still taking place. The temperature was high according to some authorities, it was as high as 50o C (over 10o F), which is about as hot as a cup of coffee. The atmosphere must have been darkened by the sulfurous fumes of volcanoes and even the sea was laden with toxic substances. But only beneath the surface of the sea could life conceivably manifest, for powerful ultra-violet rays were pouring through the tin atmosphere and would have destroyed the complex molecules which form the basis of living material. (00)

Any man who examines a part of the evidence of evolution must be convinced that life forms started as very sample cells which associated in more and more complex forms and developed as the years went by but Creationists deny this on biblical backgrounds and most, not all claim the various forms of life appeared because of a "fiat" of the Creator and not by evolution. Darwin proposed to explain these changes and proposed that variation occurred by chance giving more advantage to the fittest. (Taylor )

But when Darwin was alive, his theory was attacked by many scientists and religious leaders (Coyne) and even after. In the 100s, United States public high schools began teaching evolution in science classes. By the 10s, laws in twenty states to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools had been proposed by people who did not want their children being indoctrinated. They considered the teaching of the theory to be part of a dangerous trend toward the separation of religious beliefs from everyday life(Coyne). Several of the proposed laws were passed into effect in states including Arkansas and Tennessee but however, in 168 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that laws banning the teaching of evolution were unconstitutional because they made religious considerations part of the curriculum(Coyne). The courts continue to give rulings on creation and evolution in schools, some have come as recently as 187(Coyne).

The fight to keep evolution out of the classroom and out of human minds is still persevering. Those who are pushing to keep evolution out of the public schools are primarily creationists. Creation is the belief that a Supreme Being created the universe and all its contents from nothing (Vawter). Many different people have believed different stories of how and why this was accomplished. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are a few of the major faiths that teach Creation. There are many differences in what different people believe. Many Jews and Christians with a literal interpretation of the Bible or the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible, believe that God created the universe and all that is in it in six 4 hour days. They believe that each species on earth has remained relatively the same since the Creation. These people base their beliefs on the Bible and some use fossil evidence of long consistencies and abrupt changes (Valentine). Others believe that God created everything, but not in six days. Still others believe that God created the universe by lighting the fuse the big bang was Gods way of creating the universe.

Many people have gone in search for proof that the universe was created by a Supreme Being. The case for Intelligent Design was argued by Reverend William Paley of Carlisle, England in his 180 book Natural Theology. Paley knew there cannot be design without a designer; contrivance without a contriver.... The marks of design are too strong to be got over. Design must have had a designer. That designer must have been a person. That person is God(Miller). Paleys examples are examples that form a line of reasoning known as the argument from design(Miller). Even some evolutionists have come to realize that humanity is not an accident, even if they disagree with the six, 4 hour days belief. The Anthropic Principle is based on so called technical observations about the evolution of the universe since the Big Bang(Glynn 8). This principle has concluded that not only was the creation of the universe not an accident, but the existence of human life is something for which the entire universe appears to have been intricately fine-tuned from the start(8). This principle is based on universal constants such as Plancks constant and the gravitational constant. It started out as a list of coincidences, but as the list grew the more it appeared as if the universe had been designed for humanity to exist ().

The second law of thermodynamics has been extensively studied by scientists and people as another proof of creation. The second law of thermodynamics can be stated The thermodynamic principle which governs the behavior of systems is that, as they are moved away from equilibrium, they will utilize all avenues available to counter the applied gradients. As the applied gradients increase, so does the systems ability to oppose further movement from equilibrium(Schneider 0). In every system, the entropy, or disorder, will increase, not decrease. This is one of a number of different analogies to simplify this law. There is a box with ten equal compartments. Ten thousand marbles are released into one compartment. If the box is randomly shaken, it is expected that the marbles would pass through the open doors in each compartment and there would be approximately 1000 marbles in each compartment. It is highly improbable, yet not impossible that if the box continued to be shaken randomly, that all the marbles would go back into the same compartment they started in(8). The second law of thermodynamics is an excellent argument for creation. Creationists stand in awe of the perfection of the earth... If it were a little farther away from the sun the entire planet would be one gigantic Antarctica; if it were a little closer, it would be one continuous Sahara Desert. Earths placement is precise; and that, my friends, is not a result of chance(Limbaugh 154). There are infinite numbers of variables. If one were changed just slightly, like the distance from the sun, Earth would be inhabitable and humans would not exist. This leads these people to use the second law of thermodynamics as an argument. An ordered world like Earth could not exist in a universe that was created by an explosion. Humanity itself is a good example for creation.

The differences between other animals in nature and humans are vast. However, many evolutionists claim that we are animals ourselves and Jonathan Swift shows the absurdity of this comparison in the fourth book of Gullivers Travels. Gulliver is living between two extremes the reason based Houyhnhms and the savage Yahoos. Gulliver tries so hard to fit in with the Houyhnhms, or horses. They conclude that Gulliver must be a perfect Yahoo(Suits 116), yet Gulliver believes that he is more Houyhnhm. This struggle can represent the origin struggle. The evolutionists say that humans were once like the Yahoos, but by saying that humanity evolved because of a haphazard accident, they are claiming that humans are now the superior being in the universe. They claim we are like the Houyhnhms (Sagan). Humans are not like that. The Houyhnhms are divorced of passion. They have no shame, no temptations, no conception of sin(Williams 6). Marriage is one of the necessary actions in a reasonable being(6). These definitely do not identify humanity. Gulliver understands none of this(7). Humans have the ability to use reason and humans have certain inherent desires that cannot be reasonably explained love, marriage, and a sense of right and wrong. Still the debate continues. It seems the double standard at work here is breathtaking(Glynn ). Scientists who believe in evolution are free to use detailed accounts of what happened 4 billion years ago and base it on Darwin (Sagan). But the moment scientists begin marshalling rather considerable and persuasive evidence for the opposite case, their speculation risks being branded by colleagues as unscientific(Glynn ). This parallels the third book of Gullivers Travels. The ways of the respected Laputan people were very precise, according to Gulliver. All their wise men reject what seems obviously the best way perform a task (Williams 4). Member of the Academy are seen trying to weave with spider web and make ice into gunpowder (Swift 16). Such acts of stupidity are Swifts attack on the Royal Society of England in Swifts time; however the apply perfectly too many of the scientists who reject what they do not want to see.

The argument about the origin of the universe will definitely continue. There will be those who argue both sides until this world comes to its end. To what extent people believe the Biblical teachings or what some scientists teach is a personal decision. Darwin concluded his book There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved(Miller ). The more science seems to dig and research about the origins of humanity, the less likely they will find an answer and the more likely is the theory of evolution collapsing but all the precision, consistency and detail point to a universal architect, a Supreme Being, God so scientist should accept that life was created by God and stop doing research on how life came on earth. Bibliography

Coyne, Jerry A. Evolution. World Book. CD-ROM

Glynn, Patrick. Beyond The Death of God. National Review May 6, 168-. Limbaugh, Rush. The Way Things Ought to Be. New York Pocket Books, 1. Miller, Kenneth R. Lifes Grand Design. Technology Review. Feb./March 144- CD-ROM. 16 SIRS.

SIRS 14 Life Science. Article 5 Sagan, Carl. Snowflakes Fallen on the Hearth The Evolution of the Earth. Planetary Report. Jan./Feb. 14- CD-ROM.

Suits, Conrad. The Role of the Horsesin A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New YorkChelsea. 116-15 Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. New York Penguin, 160.

Taylor, Gordon Rattlay. "The Great Evolution Mystery". Harper and Row Publishers. New York 1

Valentine, James W. Evolution. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp14 Vawter,Rev. Bruce. Creation. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp14

Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary. Second Edition. 18

Williams, Kathleen. Animal Rationis Capax. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New YorkChelsea. 7-8 Please note that this sample paper on The mystery of the Origin of Life is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The mystery of the Origin of Life, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The mystery of the Origin of Life will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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