Behavioral genetics

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Topic Essay Assignment / Discussion on behavioural genetics / September 11, 00

Once Psychologists believed human characteristics were almost entirely the result of environmental influences, but such presumptions began to change in the 10's.

Recently there has been significant advances in the knowledge of genetics thanks to the Human Genome Programme. Due to this research science is again focusing on the biological contribution to human behaviour. (Weiten 000) This enlightened research is known as 'behavioural genetics' a study of the complex relationship between genes and the environment, the core of its investigations is on aspects of personality, such as intelligence, sexual orientation, aggression and other antisocial conduct and also tendencies towards extraversion and novelty seeking. The focus of this writing will be on this particular field of science and its recent advances and limitations in research and also the issues of ethical management associated to this subject.

To study behavioural genetics in humans, researchers use techniques that sort out environment and culture from biology. Typically this involves studying twins and adoptees (Quantative) as well as studing the genes of peoples psychological traits (Molecular)

Help with essay on behavioral genetics

Moleular Genetics is the study of genes known to influence brain function. Moreover in the present state of knowledge within this field, a plausible hypothesis can be established according to Rutter( 17) that will link almost any of the known genes within virtually any aspect of personality. Recently their has been a study that claims the identification of the genetic influence on a personality trait described as novelty seeking and a polymorphion in this associated gene for the D 4 receptor for dopamine.

(Ebsteen, R. et al 15)

However according to (Plomin & Caspi 1) there has been numerous attempts to replicate these findings with differing results. It appears that at this point in time the evidence is still open to question and not conclusive.

(Patterson, Sunohara & Kennedy 1)

In regards to Quantative genetic studies of personality the two most important conclusions to date are of broad generality. First across the range of traits heritability estimates of twin studies are in the range of 0.0-0.50 (Plomin, R. et al 14) Though estimates from adoption studies are consistently lower, suggests that non-additive variance may have an important role in personality according to (Bouchard & Loehlin 001). The above results were obtained for neurotisism, extraversion, conscientousness, open to experience, and agreeableness.

There appears to be a consistant pattern between these findings which extends over the entire 'Big 5' model. This personality model is known to cover all known personality traits. However sensation seeking is reported to have a much higher heritability ratio at about 0.60. (Zuckerman.16)

Consequently the gene contributions to personality through these findings appears to be approximately equal across all aspects of personality.

A Cross sectional study of men and woman in America revealed that neuroticism, extraversion and openness to experience show modest declines from teenage years to the end of their twenties whereas agreeableness and concientousness increase, changes reflect settling down and greater maturity. Similar trends extending into middle ages have been identified in five countries, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Portugal and South Korea.

(McRae et al 14) According to (Costa & McRae 17) the consistency of these findings have led some researchers to conclude that adult personality change, is genetically influenced.

It seems that support for a genetic view of individual differences in the 'big 5'traits are highly persistent. Longitudinal research appears to show that the 'big 5'scores are strongly correlated from one age to the next over intervals ranging from three to thirty years. A person who scores high or low at one age is likely to do the same at another.

(Costa & McCrae 14).

What this research is showing us is a high stability on these characteristics yet significant changes in aspects of personality.

Another powerful example of genetic personality influences come from the 0 year long Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. This study is famous for finding the Jim Twins Jim Springer and Jim Lewis who met for the first time since birth at age and found they drove the same model of car, smoked the same brand of cigarettes, liked the same sports,married and divorced woman named Linda, remarried woman named Betty, had a dog named Toy, practiced woodworking and had a son named James Alan, the other James Allan. What is more significant when tested for personality traits such as sociability, flexibility and self control the Jim twins response was almost exact. (Leo 187)

While the Jim Twins are exceptional; studies such as the M.S.T.R.A. suggest that human temperament and behavioural tendencies are 0% to 50% genetic within the 'Big 5'personality model. Based on this data Bouchard & Loehlin ( 001)conclude that genetic components influence personality considerably.

Above all this, behavioural genetics is a complicated and often controversial area of genetic research, as well as the validity of the scientific methodologies involved there are many questions to be answered on the ethicial, legal, social and practical implications. These include concerns about the effects of developing genetic tests (such as embryo scans ) for normal behavioural traits and the way in which this information could be used to try to predict change or select such traits.

Controversy also exists over the testing of children and adults who are at risk for genetic diseases, but don't yet show symptoms. Take for example Huntingtons or Alzheimers disease, delay between the availability of diagnostic tests and effective intervention means that effected people will be livng with the fear of a future illness they cannot prevent. Some effected by these diseases already are suffering under discrimination because of their heredity, they have lost their health insurance, and some their jobs.

As a result responsible use of genetic technologies guidelines are being drawn up also withical principles have already been decised to ensure the privacy of genetic information. (Marshall, 16)

All in all the study of behavioural genetics was first established by scientists working within the context of the Eugenics Movement. This history remains part of what underlies many of the anxieties expressed today among both professionals and members of the public towards work in genetics on intellectual abilites and behavioural traits. However in this present era of history this science offers promise of great benefit to mankind.There will be many questions we will be forced to face as this science progresses . I will leave the last words in this essay with the B.P.S.

"The Notion that behaviour traits are passed from one generation to another' in the blood' has been common currency for a long time, it has been used to justify racism, persecution and genocide, it has been used to stereotype individuals and it has been used to proclaim superiority of an individual or group over others". British Psychological Society References

Bouchard, T.J. Jr & Lochlin, J.G (001)

Genes, evolution & personality Behav. Genet. 1, 4-7

Ebstein, R.D. et al (15) Dopamine D4 receptor exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking. Nat.Genet. 1, 78-80

Costa, P.T., Jr & McCrae R.R (14). Set like plaster? Evidence for the stability of adult personality. In T.F Hetherington & J.L. Weinberger (Ed.s) Can personality change? Washington, D.C American Psychological Association.

Costa, P.T., Jr & McCrae R.R (17). Longitudinal stability of adult personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.) Handbook of personality psychology. San Diego Academic Press.

McRae, R.R, Costa P.T., Jr., deLima, M.P., Scmoes, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., MarusicI., Bratko, D., Caprara, G.V.., Barabaranelli, C, Chae,. J.J., & Piedmont, R.L. (1) Age differences in personality across the adult life span parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology, 5, 466-77.

Leo, J. (187. January) Exploring the traits of twins. Time, p.6

Marshall, E (16). The genome programs conscience. Science 74, 488-1

Patterson, A.D., Sumohara, G.A., & Kennedy, J.L. (1) Dopamine D4 receptor gene Novelty or nonsense Neuropsychopharmacology, 1, -16.

Plomin, R., & Caspi, A. (1) Behavioural genetics and personality. In L.A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory & Research. New York Guildford Press.

Plomin R., Reiss D. Hetherington, E.M., & Howe, G.W. (14). Nature and Nurture Genetic contributions to measures of the family environment. Developmental Psychology, 0, -4.

Rutter, M.L. (17)Nature,Nurture intergrationThe example of anti social behaviour American Psychologist ,5, 0-8

Weiten, W. (000) Psychology themes and variations (5th ed). Thompson learning Stamford, CT 060- 7477 USA.

Zuckerman, M. (16) The psychobiological model for impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking - A comparative approach. Neuropsychobiology, 4, 15-1.Please note that this sample paper on behavioral genetics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on behavioral genetics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on behavioral genetics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The aim of the experiment is to find out which factors affect the decomposition of marble buildings by acid rain. This is the rate of reaction.

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BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

ACID RAIN

Acidity is measured using a pH scale, with the number 7 being neutral. A substance with a pH value of less than 7 is acidic, while one of a value greater than 7 is basic. The pH scale is logarithmic; that is, a substance of pH of 6 is 10 times more acidic than another with a pH of 7. Generally, the pH of 5.6 has been used as the baseline in identifying acid rain. Acid ran is defined as any rainfall that has an acidity level beyond what is expected in non-polluted rainfall. In essence, any precipitation that has a pH value of less than 5.6 is considered to be acid precipitation. This is a visual illustration of the pH scale

One of the main causes of acid rain is sulphur dioxide. Natural sources that emit this gas are volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulphur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulphate ion. It then becomes sulphuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and ozone help to catalyse the reaction, converting more sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. However, not all of the sulphur dioxide is converted to sulphuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float up into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to earth unconverted.

Acid rain has been a major ecological concern for a few decades now. Until recently, little was known about acid rain. Many studies have been made to determine the chemistry of this ecological problem. Its full-blown effects have only been realized recently. Acid rain affects a lot of things, such as lakes and aquatic ecosystems, trees and soil, the atmosphere, buildings and architecture, and even humans.

RATES OF REACTION

For a reaction to occur

i. The particles must collide with each other

ii. The collision must have enough energy

COLLISION THEORY

All substances are made of particles. Particles can be atoms, molecules or ions. In order for a chemical reaction to occur, these particles must collide. The more collisions there are between particles in a given time, the faster the reaction.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT RATES OF REACTION

· TEMPERATURE

Higher temperature means faster rate of reaction because the particles have more energy, therefore they move faster so there are a greater number of collisions. As the temperature is increased, the ions in the reactants gain more kinetic energy, and so move faster, thus, there is a greater frequency of collisions and with a greater force i.e. they move more vigorously. So, there is a greater chance the reactants will react successfully.

· CONCENTRATION OF THE REACTANTS

If the concentration of the reactants is increased, there would be a greater number of particles in the same volume and so the molecules would collide more often. So, the energy of the collisions will remain the same (as long as the temperature is kept constant), but the molecules will collide more often (as there are more of them) and so there are greater successful reactions. Therefore increasing the concentration of the reactants would increase the rate of reaction.

· PRESENCE OF A CATALYST

A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction, without being used up in the reaction. So, if the mass of a catalyst is increased up to a point, the speed of the chemical reaction will increase, and so the rate of the reaction will increase.

· THE SURFACE AREA OF REACTANTS

Greater surface area means faster rate of reaction because the particles are 'exposed' more to take part in collisions. If something is powdered rather than in large chunks there would be a greater frequency of collisions, and consequently the rate of reaction would be increased.

· THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT

Some chemical reactions absorb light as they take place and this leads to an increased rate of reaction.

SECONDARY SOURCES

· Notes from teacher in note book

· Chemistry for GCSE E.N Ramsden

· WWW.Google.Com search engine for information on acid rain

PRELIMINARY WORK

The amount of carbon dioxide given off when calcium carbonate reacted in different molarities of hydrochloric acid was measured. 50cm³ of HCl was poured into a conical flask, then grams of CaCO was sprinkled in and it was shut with a rubber bung, with rubber tubing connected to a gas syringe. Then the volume of gas inside the syringe was measured every 5 seconds. The results were noted down. This experiment was repeated with small and large chips of CaCO.

RESULTS

The amount of CO given off by g of small limestone in a 50 cm solution of Hydrochloric acid

Time (s) Vol of H given off (.0 M) Vol of H given off (1.5 Mol) Vol of H given off (1.0 M)

5 4 0

10 0 5

15 15 0 7

0 0

5 6 5 1

0 4 10 14

5 40 1 16

40 48 1 18

45 54

50 60 6 5

55 67 0 7

60 74 5 0

65 81

70 87 4 6

75 5 46 40

80 100+ 50 44

85 55 46

0 57 50

5 6 5

100 66 56

105 70 58

110 74 6

115 77 65

10 80 67

15 84 70

10 86 74

15 76

140 78

145 8

150 86

155 88

160 0

165 7

The amount of CO given off by g of large limestone in a .0 Mol solution of Hydrochloric acid

Time (S) Volume of H

5 5

10 8

15 10

0 1

5 18

0 1

5 4

40 8

45 1

50 5

55 8

60 40

65 4

70 47

75 50

80 55

85 60

0 6

5 68

100 70

105 7

110 7

115 8

10 85

15 0

10 5

EXPERIMENTAL PREDICTION

I think that the rate of reaction will be proportional to the concentration. For example, as the concentration is doubled, the rate of reaction will also double. So the marble will react much quicker when the molarity of the solution is higher. Therefore the amount of carbon dioxide given off is proportional to the concentration of the solution.

FACTORS TO VARY AND CONTROL

There are five factors that I could have controlled. These are

· Surface area Medium sized chips

· Mass grams of CaCO

· Temperature Room temperature

· Catalyst None used

The factor that I have decided to change is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. There are a number of reasons for me making this choice. The main reason is that some of the other choices would not have been possible; I cannot vary temperature, as it is dangerous to heat acid and I cannot change the surface area as it would be too inaccurate. I didn't choose to use a catalyst, as there is no catalyst that affects this particular reaction. I didn't change the mass of the marble chips as I thought it would be more interesting to change the concentration.

RANGE AND NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS

I will do 5 ranges of molarities; 0.5M; 1M; 1.5M; 1.75M; M. For each of these ranges, I will do repeats concurrently and then find an average.

ACCURACY OF OBSERVATIONS

I will repeat the reaction for each molarity times and then work out the average. This means that my results will be much more accurate as any anomalies would be counted out. The readings should be quite accurate as the gas cylinders are very accurate apparatus. However they are only accurate to every degree.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

APPARATUS LIST

· Calcium carbonate chips

· 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.75, .0 Molar solutions of hydrochloric acid

· A gas syringe with a capacity of a 100 cm

· A flat-bottomed conical flask

· Pipette

· Distilled water

· Measuring cylinder

· Weighing scale to weigh the calcium carbonate chips

· Clamp stand

· Beakers

· Rubber bung tubing

· Stopwatch

METHOD

The reactant that I will vary is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. The method of varying the concentration would be to dilute the hydrochloric acid. With hydrochloric acid, it would be possible to dilute it as it is liquid itself. In this experiment 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and .0 molar solutions of hydrochloric acid are used. This can be done by adding parts of distilled water to the molar solution of hydrochloric acid. This must be done accurately for a fair test.

Approximately grams of calcium carbonate then should be weighed out with a weighing scale. Once both of these are measured the syringe is clamped tightly and the calcium carbonate is added to the hydrochloric acid in a conical flask. The rubber bung is then placed on quickly for the carbon dioxide not to escape.

A stopwatch is used to measure volume of carbon dioxide every 5 seconds until there is a complete reaction. This procedure is repeated 5 times for each of the molar solutions of hydrochloric acid; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 1.75 and .0. After the results are taken down the rates of reaction are worked out.

SAFETY

Safety glasses must be worn during the whole experiment as the hydrochloric acid is a volatile substance and spits when reacting with the calcium carbonate.

Please note that this sample paper on The aim of the experiment is to find out which factors affect the decomposition of marble buildings by acid rain. This is the rate of reaction. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The aim of the experiment is to find out which factors affect the decomposition of marble buildings by acid rain. This is the rate of reaction., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The aim of the experiment is to find out which factors affect the decomposition of marble buildings by acid rain. This is the rate of reaction. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Iraqi War: Media Critique

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'Whoever controls the language, the images, controls the race'.

This quote from an unknown source describes the power of the media within today's society. Through times of tragedy and joy, we turn to the media for an explanation and an understanding. The Iraqi war is currently an extremely critical issue for the Australian public as well as the rest of the world. Because of this, it is expected that there will be balanced media coverage in order to fully inform the population. However, despite our country's support and involvement in President George Bush's decision to go to war, Australian media coverage has been far from ethical. While there are constant updates of the coalition's progress in Iraq, there is rarely any news of Iraqi casualties or anything that may jeopardise their jingoistic approach. This is because of our government's emphasis on creating a bias, pro-war view and the use of propaganda to 'sell' the war. If our country's people are to formulate their own views on the war, the media needs to fulfill our expectations and start giving an accurate view of the Iraqi War. Therefore, although the press prides itself on being able to report the news fully, accurately and with balance, its role has not been fulfilled in its coverage of the war. Rather, we are bombarded with mixed views, which are predominately of a pro-war, American view.

One way that the media seeks to report the news is through an editorial, which is an article that gives the newspapers opinion. However, these articles should still employ the basic ethics of journalism. The editorial titled 'Anti-war No Help to Iraqis', featured in the Cairns Post (Appendix A), bluntly supports a pro-war view. The editorial refers to the anti-war movement as being comprised of 'lies and hysteria' in an attempt to persuade the public that it is a ridiculous and time wasting cause. Through the use of negative terminology and mockery the author has created the belief that the anti-war movement is no better than the Hussein regime, with phrases such as 'useless United Nations', 'discredited Iraqi Information Ministry' and '"peaceful" options'. In addition, to encourage the pro-war views the author uses positive phrases when describing the coalition forces such as 'brief campaign', 'mercifully short casualty list', 'extreme care' and 'jubilant, newly liberated Iraqis'. There is little knowledge of the author or their accreditations, so there is no certainty of reliable sources, therefore further damaging the articles credibility. Although the editorial presents some good points, it gives a very bias view of the topic.

The use of propaganda within the media is not acceptable, as it is seen as an unethical way of reporting the news. Despite this, propaganda is regularly used to encourage readers to foreground a certain view. The article 'Evil Heirs Inherited Taste for Torture' by Jane Corbin appeared in 'The Sunday Mail' (Appendix B). 'The Sunday Mail' is a tabloid newspaper, which means that it takes a more popular view in its style and presentation. Beside the word 'evil heirs' is a large photo of Saddam Hussein and his two sons; automatically emphasizing the connection between the Hussein family and 'evil'. The article is about Saddam's sons, who are described as a 'homicidal playboy' and a 'cold-blooded executioner'. Through these descriptions, the reader is persuaded to form an intense feeling of disgust towards these men. The article presents distasteful information about the men and states at the end that this is 'a justification…to put him [Qusay] second on their list'. To create a representation of evil the journalist commonly uses the words 'executioner' and 'psychopathic'. Statements like 'defectors claim' jeopardise the authenticity and credibility of the article. Readers are once again given a one-sided view of a far more complicated issue in an attempt to simplify it. Although the article has presented a convincing argument it has failed to fulfill its role and give balanced coverage of the Iraqi War.

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One of the reasons that the Internet is so appealing to the public is because it is unregulated, in comparison to most other media. If both the Internet and other media are read, then perhaps some sort of balance will be reached. The article 'Lessons Learned from New-Era Warfare' by Jennifer Pangyanszki was displayed on the CNN website (Appendix C), approximately one week after the war finished. The article pin points positive aspects of the operation and highlights them repeatedly. The war is referred to as a 'text book case…for the future'. This item of propaganda is used to enforce the belief that everything went according to plan during the invasion. Anything that suggests otherwise does not appear. It is stated within the article that there was 'little resistance from Iraqi troops', yet there is no explanation for the high casualty rate of Iraqi soldiers alluded to in other media coverage. The Iraqi army is referred to as a 'weaker enemy' to make the reader believe the coalition to be strong and intelligent. The author also states that 16,000 precision-guided bombs accounted for 70% of the bombs dropped, but the other 0% (6,857) goes unmentioned. The connection between the so-called 'smart' bombs and civilian deaths is not made. The Iraqi army is made out to be hopeless and weak, yet we have been told through other media sources that the war was started because the government believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction - none of which have been discovered or used during the campaign. We are met with a difficult decision, what and who to believe. Clearly, the media cannot be doing its job, otherwise there would be clearly stated information that cannot be questioned or contradicted.

Cartoons regularly appear in newspapers in order to present issues in a different perspective, they commonly use humour and over characterised features. 'No more Saddam to destroy our country' 'Now we are free to destroy it ourselves'. (Appendix D). This cartoon, featured in the Cairns Post, depicts the looting that went on in Iraq after Saddam was taken from power. The use of sarcasm is supposed to make the topic a little more light hearted, but at the same time makes a complete mockery of the Iraqi people. It can be seen as agreeing with the decision to go to war, as the Iraqi people are shown to be in need of help. However, on the other hand it is showing that the war has taken away all of the Iraqi's self respect and dignity. The presence of the army tank in the background enforces the idea that this is the coalition's doing. The use of colour is suggesting that the issue is not just in black and white, that there is more to the situation in Iraq than is being shown. The cartoonist has sensationalised the issue by showing crazed looks on the men's faces, and people running around with ridiculous items. In fact, the situation was hardly as pedantic as the media would have the public believe. The cartoon has touched on a few of the issues but gives a mixed and confusing view, a far more balanced coverage is needed in order to fully inform today's society.

The media has an extremely influential position within society due to its role, which is to report the news accurately and with balance. The four examples mentioned in this media critique are representative of the bulk of media coverage of the Iraqi war. It has not been satisfying the population's expectation to report ethically, due to the constant use of propaganda, sensationalism, bias reporting, and privileging of certain beliefs. Through the use of these techniques the media is withholding information from the public. The Iraqi war is evidently an important issue to society and therefore the media is required to achieve their objective and report the news with accuracy. 'Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put in that polluted vehicle'. Perhaps this anonymous quote will enlighten the media and give them the chance to fix 'that polluted vehicle'.

Please note that this sample paper on Iraqi War: Media Critique is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Iraqi War: Media Critique, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Iraqi War: Media Critique will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Elie

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In this section the father-son role is reversed, and Eliezer is forced to take care of his father. Overcome with cold and fatigue, Eliezers father simply wants to lie down and rest in the snow, even though to do so means an almost certain death. He no longer cares about living, and like a child, begs to simply be left alone to sleep Dont shout, sonŠ.Take pity on your old fatherŠ.Leave me to rest hereŠ.Just for a bit, Im so tiredŠat the end of my strengthŠ He had become like a child, weak, timid, vulnerable. Eliezers father has given up and no longer wants the responsibility of trying to stay alive. As his son, Eliezer takes on this responsibility for him, but it is not one that he is sure he can handle.

In an earlier section, the reader hears about the behavior of Rabbi Eliahous unfaithful son, and this episode foreshadows what happens in this section. Like Rabbi Eliahous son, Eliezer cannot help but think of his dying father as a burden. Even though he hates himself for wanting to be rid of his father, he feels that the responsibility of looking after his father is lessening his own chances at survival. For example, when Eliezer goes to find his father, who he has left lying in a pile of snow, he thinks to himself, Dont let me find him! If only I could get rid of this dead weight, so that I could use all my strength to struggle for my own survival, and only worry about myself. Similarly, after his fathers death, he is ashamed that he feels relieved And, in the depths of my being, in the recesses of my weakened conscience, could I have searched it, I might perhaps have found something like‹free at last!

Compare Eliezers feelings here to the feelings of Stein of Antwerp earlier in the book. For Stein, the idea that his wife and children are alive are enough to keep him alive for weeks. Similarly, early on in the book, Eliezer and his father persuade themselves that Tzipora and her mother are still surviving in order to keep their hopes up. In just a short time, however, a huge transformation has occurred in Eliezer and the other surviving prisoners. Family members no longer retain the same value as they did before, and in fact become almost irrelevant. Due to unbelievably harsh living conditions, Eliezers world has narrowed to such an extent that only his own basic survival matters anymore. Anything that threatens that, including his father, proves to be a burden. Wiesels point in describing this transformation is not to expose himself as a hideous scoundrel. Instead, he is revealing how effective Nazi brutality was in destroying mens souls and in making the prisoners devalue everything they had previously held so dear.

When Eliezer runs to meet someone who he has mistaken for his father, the image that the narrator conjures up is very mysterious and haunting

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Seeing my father in the distance, I ran to meet him. He went by me like a ghost, passed me without stopping, without looking at me. I called to him. He did not come back. I ran after him �Father, where are you running to? He looked at me for a moment, and his gaze was distant, visionary; it was the face of someone else. A moment only and on he ran again.

This passage has symbolic significance on several different levels. First, it is unusual that Eliezer completely misrecognizes his father, especially since the father is so weak that it would be nearly impossible for him to run. Eliezer continues to think that the man is his father even after he sees him up close and even after the man is obviously not paying much attention to him. Eliezer has been spending every day with his father and surely knows what he looks like. The incident cannot be just a simple mistake because then Wiesel would not have bothered to record the event in his memoirs. Instead, this moment of misrecognition emphasizes how interchangeable, anonymous, and faceless all the prisoners have become. Their personalities have been destroyed, and when Eliezer looks at this stranger, he may as well be seeing his father.

Second, Eliezer sees this ghostlike apparition just before his father dies. The whole scenario seems very surreal and mystical, and the passage can be read as the ghost of his father preparing to leave the horrors of the concentration camp. The man is running through the camp, with his eyes focused on the world of the afterlife. Eliezer mistakes the man for his father because this is Gods way of letting him know that his father will be moving on to a better world.

Third, the passage can be interpreted as having religious significance, and in this case the running man represents God. In the first section of the book, Mochteaches Eliezer that he must learn to ask God the right questions, and this passage can be seen as Eliezer trying to understand the problem of why a just God would allow the concentration camps to exist. Throughout the book, Eliezer has been trying to work this question out in his head, and in this passage it is visually represented by of the unheeding man running and looking off into the distance. Eliezer receives no answer from the man, just as he will probably never understand the answer that God has to give.

Chapter I had to stay at BuchenwaldŠ

Summary

Eliezer remains at Buchenwald until April 11. He has nothing to say of these last months in the concentration camps because after his fathers death, he became indifferent and emotionless, concerned only with eating. He is transferred to the childrens block.

On April 5, the SS guard is late to roll call, and everyone knows something must have happened. After two hours, an announcement goes out that all Jews must go to the assembly place. The children start to go to, but prisoners tell them to go back to their blocks, warning them that the Germans are going to shoot everyone. On the way back, they learn that the camp resistance organization had decided not to abandon the Jews and was going to prevent their being liquidated. The next day there is a roll call, and the head of Buchenwald announces that the camp is to be liquidated. Ten blocks of deportees would be evacuated each day, and no more food would be distributed.

On April 10, the remaining 0,000 prisoners are to be evacuated and the camp blown up. A siren alert occurs, however, and the evacuation is postponed to the next day. Nobody had eaten anything for six days. The next morning the resistance movement suddenly battles the SS in the assembly place. The SS flees, and resistance takes charge of the camp. At six in the evening, the first American tank arrives at Buchenwald.

The first thing the newly-freed prisoners thought of was food. Then, they thought of clothes and sex. Nobody thought of revenge. Three days after Buchenwald was liberated, Eliezer became deathly ill with food poisoning and spent two weeks in the hospital. After he got a little bit better, he gathered enough strength to look at himself in the mirror. He had not seen his reflection since living in the ghetto. When he looks at himself, he sees the eyes of a corpse, and that image has never left him.

Analysis

Though Eliezer feels relieved when his father dies, it is clear that this emotion is merely a momentary one that he later deeply regrets. For after his fathers death, Eliezers life in the concentration camp also ceases to really exist I have nothing to say of my life during this period. It no longer mattered. After my fathers death, nothing could touch me any more. The narrative ends rather abruptly after his father dies because to Eliezer, there is really no more story to tell. His story of life at Auschwitz and Buna has been one in which he and his father struggled together to survive, and after he dies, details become irrelevant.

In the last few pages of the novel, Wiesel leaves out some historical background that would make the narrative clearer. For example, he fails to explain what the camp resistance organization is, and he does not tell us exactly how close to defeat the Germans are. During this time Eliezer doesnt care about anything except feeding himself, and he probably isnt monitoring the war outside all that closely and just wants to get out of the concentration camp. The reader knows probably as much about the outside world during this time as the actual camp occupants do, and the omission of historical facts is therefore not all that important. The details of the liberation are not as important as the fact that the concentration camp survivors are finally able to escape the hellish world they have been living in.

Wiesel comments that none of the prisoners think of revenge when they are first freed. His tone in this passage suggests that he thinks that revenge should be sought, but in the very next paragraph, he describes how he became ill with food poisoning, and talk of revenge disappears from the narrative. However, the image that Wiesel concludes with implies that while revenge may be necessary, there is no way to reverse the damage that the Nazis inflicted on the Jewish people I wanted to see myself in the mirror hanging on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse gazed back at me. The look in his eyes, as they stared into mine, has never left me. The Nazis transformed Eliezer into a living corpse, a shadow of his former self, and surrounded him with constant death and misery. They killed his family, reduced him to base, animal instincts, and denied him his humanity. No matter what revenge Eliezer and the other prisoners may seek from the Nazis, there is no way that they can undo what has already been done.

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The Case of the Sole Remaining Supplier

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In this case, the moral issues involve the selling of transistors to a company responsible for the making of pacemakers known to cause deaths in people. Additionally, due to the inherent risk of human error associated with the lack of expert ability within the medical field, and considering that technology is still within its infancy, the procedure itself could prove fatal. Is it morally acceptable to sell to this company considering these circumstances? How many live's are at risk of fatality? Could these risks outweigh the life-saving advantages the technology has offered? The decisions must be weighed against what is more important such as saving the company from litigation by not selling to the pacemaker company, having a guilty conscience associated with the lives that may be lost due to lack of providers for the transistors, or selling to the company, taking the risk, hoping that the lives you save by continuing the contract will outweigh the fatalities?

What are the facts in the case?

The facts presented include the death of an infant as a result of a faulty pacemaker, and another individual that while yawning, caused the pacemaker wire in his chest to become disconnected, thereby resulting in his death. As a public corporation, the company that makes the transistors has a responsibility to act on behalf of their shareholders and to protect their investments. If they were to face litigation resulting from faulty transmitters and casualties thereof, their stock price would be threatened, as would the shareholder's investment, not to mention the corporation as a whole. While the argument from the pacemaker company regarding their business and the lives of those who need pacemakers has relevance, the company must first consider their liability and responsibility to serve in the best interests of their shareholders. Identify and evaluate alternative actions from the various moral perspectives applying the questions suggested in the article A Framework For Ethical Decision Making.

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Which option will produce the most good and do the least harm?

The best option would be to suggest additional testing and perhaps get involved in the testing themselves. This option would serve a dual purpose (1) Allow greater confidence in the specs used by the pacemaker company, () Provide them with the opportunity to study their product for improvement. Clearly, because their company is involved in the electronic industry, they are in a unique position to save lives of many people through their contribution to the pacemaker. Long term, using a utilitarian approach, the advantages outweigh the risks. "Utilitarianism is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected. So long as a course of action produces maximum benefits for everyone, utilitarianism does not care whether the benefits are produced by lies, manipulation, or coercion."

Which option respects the rights and dignity of all stakeholders? Even if not everyone gets all they want, will everyone still be treated fairly?

"If an individual has a moral right, then it is morally wrong to interfere with that right even if large numbers of people would benefit from such interference". In this case, suspending the contract until further testing is done and proven effective, would serve to respect the rights and dignity of all stakeholders both within their own company and within the pacemaker company. While the pacemaker company may not be happy, they are not without a supplier provided that the testing has concluded good sound results.

· Which option would promote the common good and help all participate more fully in the goods we share as a society, as a community, as a company, as a family?

Clearly, the best option for promoting the common good among all participants is to work together to define the causes of the failed pacemakers and perhaps devise a better plan of construction. It may mean that the transistor company hire additional personnel to assist with this project, thus reducing their profit, or it could mean that they reduce their cost to the pacemaker company to allow them more funding for testing.

· Which option would enable the deepening or development of those virtues or character traits that we value as individuals? as a profession? as a society?

"Virtues are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues." The best option to maintain this definition of virtue as an individual, profession and a society would again fall within the combined effort of both parties participating in a cause to ultimately better the conditions of those in need of a pacemaker.

· Using one of the theoretical approaches from A Framework for Ethical Decision Making or your textbook explain what you would do in this case. (1 Page)

First of all, because this company is in a unique position to save lives and considering that they could also face serious litigation from the failure of faulty products, I would recommend that they suspend their contract with the pacemaker company until further testing can be accomplished and proven effective. In addition, I recommend that both companies work together during this suspension period, in an effort to further investigate the root of the faulty problems. The biggest problem in this issue is that the pacemaker-company is making medical errors while they are pretending like their technology is complete. I believe that the company should admit the risks of using pacemakers, and if only the patients are willing to use them regardless of the risks, they could sell them to them. Under such conditions, no lawsuits will take place because both the patients and the company are under the same agreement. And realistically speaking, if it were the only chance left to survive, most patients would most likely be willing to take the risk if they are going to die anyway.

As mentioned already, the transistor company has a responsibility to its shareholders. In addition, they have a responsibility to the market where the pacemakers are sold. It is important not to rush into an area that is still new without testing the waters first. Therefore, my recommendation to suspend until the necessary developments have been established, thus ensuring that the transmitters and pacemakers are each safe, is imperative. It is important to note that technology is continuously changing, as will the pacemakers and transmitters.

Finally, when considering the future of their own company, they must recognize that the liability does not end with the pacemaker company. Liability is a concern for all, and no company is without blame or responsibility when the proof can be traced back to their doorstep.

In an industry that allows for continuously changing advancements, it is essential for a business to consider all of the factors when making an ethical decision such as this one. A decision to remain could result in several things ranging from lawsuits, diminished stock prices, and company failure.

References

MacDonald, C. (00), A Guide to Moral Decision Making, Retrieved July 5, 00, from Website http//www.ethicsweb.ca/guide/

Lo, C., An Ethical Framework For Business Behaviour, Retrieved July 5, 00, from Website http//cae.hkbu.edu./html/charles.lo.html

(00), A Framework for Ethical Decision Making, Retrieved July 5, 00, from Website http//www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html

Shanks, T. (00), The Case of the Sole Remaining Supplier, Retrieved July 5, 00, from Website http//www.scu.edu/SCU/Centers/Ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/supplier.html

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The juxtaposition between music and image within Anger's Scorpio Rising.

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KH "What is the relationship for you between the sound and the image? Is there a third thing that is produced?"

KA "It is the fabric on which the picture is woven. To me, it's as important as the picture itself. It's an integral part. It replaces what dialogue would be doing. It provides clue to my intent."

Dick Hebdige notes that Kenneth Anger's films have the ability to appropriate "'humble objects' ... which are made to carry 'secret' meanings meanings which express, in code, a form of resistance to the order which guarantees their continued subordination." It is in this way that Anger's re-appropriation and juxtaposition of culturally manufactured icons, images and specifically "pop" music subverts moral and social conventions of American society. A systematic analysis of Anger's 164 film Scorpio Rising, reveals an understanding whereby every signifier is expunged from its culturally normative position and rather presented as a polemical critique of American societal value systems. Scorpio Rising focuses on the iconography of the American motorcycle cult, yet Anger expands the imagery of the film to implicate the Sunday comics, a B-grade movie of the life of Christ, Hollywood movies presented through the form of television, and, perhaps most strikingly, 1 hit records from 16 16. The film is clearly structured by the 1 "pop" songs, which constitute its entire soundtrack (excluding some sound effects, notably the racing of motors and the screeching of wheels), and which correspond fairly consistently to a segmentation by scenes. Through the incorporated juxtaposition between sound and image, Anger's Scorpio Rising creates an iconoclasm for post-war American societal understandings of religion, youth and youth culture, sexuality and masculinity, amongst many other cultural and social ideologies.

Through the medium of filmmaker, Anger is able to appropriate, re-interpret and thus re-present the fetishistic cultural images which 160's America assumed as the norm and set as a precedent for societal understandings. Anger critiques moral and social conventions of American society through the juxtaposition of sound and images. His films work to appropriate systems of symbols, present throughout American society, and disrupt their traditional readings, in Anger's own words his films act as "a death mirror held up to American culture" . Anger provides the viewer with a montage of images, for example he incorporates a B-grade film of the life of Jesus Christ into Scorpio Rising. Initially the inclusion of such an identifiable image, with all of it's associations, may not appear to usurp social and moral conventions, however, when amalgamated with specifically chosen, culturally identifiable 160s "pop" songs the context is given an entirely different reading and thus produces a critique of American society and its ideologies.

During the scene in which The Crystals sing "He's a Rebel " (16), these understandings are unequivocally manifested. Anger inter-cuts shots of the gang leader Scorpio walking along the sidewalk, with clips from a religious film showing Christ walking along a road followed by his disciples. The lyrics of the song; "See the way he walks down the street," clearly equate Scorpio, Christ, and the rebel referred to in the song. Whereby Anger's crosscutting serves to emphasize the similarities of the figures in consideration, it also makes evident their differences.

He's a rebel

And he's never, never been any good.

He's a rebel

And he never, ever does what he should.

In the mentioned segment Christ stops to minister to a blind man and subsequently restores the man's sight. As the blind man opens his eyes to see the world for the first time, Anger inter-cuts a man's naked torso; when the healed man kneels before Jesus to give him thanks, Anger inserts a very brief close up of a penis, then cuts back to the man rising from his knees, as though he has just administered fellatio. By associating two rather opposing culturally manufactured icons in the one scene, Christ and the "Leader of The Pack", then associating homoerotic fellatio, and finally juxtaposing them all with the "pop" song, Anger usurps traditional readings of the figures and coerces the viewer to re-interpret the societal value placed on these typically presupposed normative cultural value systems. Christ represents ,000 years of repression by the Christian church, adopted throughout the Western world. He represents a supreme authority figure whose teachings have been interpreted in such a way that he has had the ability to impose an order of sexual denial upon the entire Western world, most evidently a denial of relationships that appears to fall outside the patriarchal, heterosexual norms. The song "He's a Rebel" in combination with a representation of Christ may suggest that the traditionally undisputed teachings of the Church do not relate to the new generation, that they are in opposition to the understandings and principles of the new "Scorpio Age", which Anger aligns himself with. As noted previously, Christ represents ,000 years of sexual repression by the Christian church, the inter-cut of fellatio by Anger suggests an upheaval of traditional heterosexual relations, and it presents the viewer with an alternative of the Church from a homosexual perspective. In this segment of the film there is a juxtaposition between sound and image and there is also a clash of iconographic images, this subsequently leads to a usurping of traditional associations between societal understandings of religion and it's place in 160s America, religious morality and homoerotic discourse. Anger's films work to appropriate systems of symbols and to disrupt their traditional readings, this is no more evident than in Scorpio Rising, in particular in the mentioned segment of the film. It is through his re-appropriation and juxtaposition of cultural and religious iconography that Anger's reprocessing of socially manufactures symbols is truly iconoclastic, in a literal sense of destroying sacred images, an attack of settled beliefs or institutions.

Anger's employment of the American motorcycle genre provides for a critique of moral and social conventions, specifically, a critique of the mythology of the American male hero, masculinity & male sexuality. In the opening segment of the film, in which Rick Nelson sings "Fools Rush In" (164), the viewer is introduced to the central themes of the film, the motorcyclists obsession, the romantic/obsessive language of pop music and the male physique. The central ambiguity of the film is one of sexual ambiguity, all themes at the beginning or the film are presented erotically, yet eroticism does not emerged as an overt subject until later in the film. Anger superimposes homosexual and female implications on the hyperbolic masculinity of the image of the motorcyclist, around this indeterminacy, an entire lexicon of cultural icons is reinterpreted. Anger's films work to appropriate systems of symbols and to disrupt their traditional reading.

The music incorporated into Scorpio Rising makes evident culturally assumed positions and understandings in reference to gender and its social alignment. The scene in which The Ron-Dells sing "Wind - Up Doll", makes evident the association between the fetishized object of the motorcycle and the female singer, who defines herself as a mechanized object "I guess I'm kind of a wind-up dolly too." In this sense women and motorcycles become equivalent, both are toys to be played with. Shots of the cyclist turning a wrench are inter-cut with those of a child winding up a toy motorcycle cop. The comparison that is presented, makes evident the cyclist's obsession with his machine, it also suggests an element of adolescence to the obsessive nature of the cyclist, thus arguably associating the cyclist with a pre-heterosexual stage of development. The masculine symbol of the motorcycle therefore replaces the female figure in the cyclist's affection, which is implicit in the lyrics of the song "Wind me up, I'll fall in love with you." In this sense, the viewer acknowledges the way in which objects of love, or sexual gratification, become objects of possession for manipulation, they are solely required as extensions of the male ego. Where Anger's choice of image and music may initially appear innocent, a systematic analysis of this union reveals the way in his reprocessing of socially manufactures symbols is truly disruptive to traditional social and moral conventions of American society in the post-war period.

Blue Velvet posits the male body as an object of admiration, the camera tilts lovingly up the legs of one of the cyclists' torn blue jeans, arriving at his crotch just as he is zipping his fly. The camera voyeuristically watches as a tattooed man pulls on a T-shirt, and pans slowly across the body of another bare-chested cyclist. The shot is risquand titillating based on the style of traditional 150s/60s Hollywood films, which coyly caress the body of a scantily clad female actress. At the same time Bobby Vinton croons, "She wore blue velvet", the lyrics and tone of the song are juxtaposed with the image which is typically associated with a hyper-masculine, heterosexual understandings. The juxtaposition proposes sexual role reversal and repressed sexuality is liberated in the form of fetishism, whereby the cloth fetish of the song gives way to the fetishes of super masculine clothing, denim and leather, and finally to the male physique itself. Given the homoerotic discourse suggested in this segment of the film, it may be argued that the adotion of the song with its references to "blue" may be employed as it takes on connotations of pornography (as in "blue movie").

In the scene which features Martha and Vandellas singing "Heat Wave", a song about the heated impact of sexual desire, a barrage of images immediately ensues Scorpio, the gang leader, snorting an amount of cocaine. The viewer is bombarded with a m�lange of images close-ups of a child's wind-up toy policeman on a motorcycle (reasserting the adolescent quality of the outlet for repressed sexuality), a television image of pigeons being liberated from a cage (literally "coming out," with its gay implications), Gary Cooper from High Noon (once again, male to male conflict seen in terms of the great American myth, the Western, fought with the phallic substitute of the revolver) and rows of shining cycle trophies (phallic prizes asserting male superiority).

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Changing self

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The topic of change is a particularly broad one, hence many authors use it as the focus for their texts. Focusing on

the different concepts of "changing self" four such examples include Miroslav Holubs "The Door", Gwen

Harwoods poems "prize Giving" and "At Mornington" and the film "the Talented Mr Ripley". Each text takes the

theme of changing self, and by using a number of different literary and visual techniques broaden our understanding

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of it and present us with different points of view.

Holubs "the Door" uses a simple and unregulated structure to contrast its deeper metaphoric meaning. The "door"

can be seen as a symbol of the barriers which deter and hold us back from instigating a change. Repetition of the

phrase "Go and open the door" at the beginning of each stanza creates an imperative tone. The poet is trying hard to

convince the responder to initiate a change, and urging the fact that change does not occur on its own; nothing is

going to happen unless we take the step to open the door and see whats on the other side.

Each stanza in "the door" provides the responder with a list of possibilities change could bring about; "a tree, or a

wood, a garden, or a magic city". These images all hold positive connotations, and although some are quite

mundane, others are every bit fantastical and magical, and all propose a more prosperous outcome than the vast

nothingness found on the inside of the "door".

This text points out that although we cannot predict what will come about upon the instigation of a change, benefit is

found in the process of seeking it. "even if nothing is there...at least thery'll be a draught" suggests that even if

nothing worthwhile comes of the venture nothing is lost, and the very least that is gained is a breath of fresh air.

In response to the concept of "changing self" Holubs "The Door" points out that the essence of change is found with

in the individual. The "door" can therfore be seen as a barrier to cange taking place or a gateway to oppurtunity,

depending on how it is percieved by the individual. Holub is saying that change is driven by intrinsic forces.

Harwood takes a very different angle to Holub in her poem "prize giving." Still focusing on the theme of changing

self, but emphasising the change that occurs in individuals due to exterior and uncontrollable factors rather than

internal ones. Similarly to Holub however, Harwood also describes that change can occur in many shapes and forms

and often come from unexpected sources; The professor did not predict and could not help the change brought abput

in him by the titian haired girl.

The poem details professor Eisenbarts seemingly insignificant appearance at an ordinary schools prize giving

ceremony. Initially, the professor is conveyed as as a self absorbed academic - arrogant and dismissive of those he

feels are below his standard. His image of superiority and vanity is soon reversed by Harwood as she plays the

professors character into a situation where he comes into contact with a particularly gifted student, characterised by

her blaze of unmistakable titian hair. The girl is mocking of the posing professor, and reveals his weaknesses as she

unravels his seemingly controlled and powerful personality with her extraordinary musical talents.

The changes in self undergone by the professor are obvious. He falls from the grace of being the dignitary - the

pompous academic who is clearly too important for his scant surroundings. Following his encounter with the titian

haired girl the professor is jolted out of his smug self satisfaction by her electrifying music. This completely

unexpected source of change bruises his self image drastically as his inner world is literally turned upside down

"suspended his image upside down", and he desperately tries hold onto his former sense of self assurance. This is

symbolised by his clutching onto his gown, which can also be seen to hold sexual connotations, as the professor tries

hard to disguise the effect the titian haired girl is having on him.

Harwood uses irony to show how Eisenbart, who expected to play the part of the learned master finds himself the

humble student, as the itian haired girl teaches him about passion, through her rendition of Mozart. Her arrogance as

she plays mirrors that of the professor earlier on. This further emphasises the changes in the profesors personality..

This suggests further change in self as the once composed professor can now control neither his mental or physical

state. He has found himself in a world which he cant understand, and is forced to look at himself in a new light and

acknowledge that he is no longer in control of himself or his surroundings.

Harwood takes a similar angle to this in her poem "at mornington" where she tells the story of a middle aged woman

struggling to come to terms with the changes brought about by death. This could be substituted with the professor in

"prize giving" who is also trying to come to terms with changes brought about by extrinsic forces.

"At Mornington" is written from the perspective of a lady who shares a visit to the cemetery with a dear friend of

hers which leads her to reflect on childhood memories of indestructibility and the realisation that in time she too will

pass. The woman finally concludes how worthwhile friendship and love have made her life and that death doesn't

now seem so unbearable.

The poem opens as a reflection, as the woman relives some precious childhood memories who's importance is

asserted later on in the poem when she says "memories..irridescent..fugitive." The predominant memory of the

woman is that of the ocean and how she once tryed to walk upon its forceful waters after assuming herself immortal.

The vulnerable child was "rolled like a doll" which, in actual fact expresses her extreme mortality at the hands of a

much stronger force. As a child she has no comprehension of death or mortality, particularly that of herself.

The innocent childs perspective of eternal life is later corrected as the new middle aged friends stand at the graves of

their previous role models and comforters. This realisation of death is made apparent to the woman as the previous

generation begins to pass on, and so too one day will she. The contrast between the lifeless granite and marble of the

tombstones and the vibrance and life of the "autumn grasses" makes the woman appreciate the worth each day holds.

The reference to the pumpkins growing to abnormal heights in clear defiance of nature represent the human desire to

cheat death, however the words "bones begin to wear us" suggests that the woman has come to terms with the fact

that she will one day pass away, in clear opposition to her previous childhood feelings of immortality and eternal life

described earlier in the poem.

Minghella's film "The Talented Mr Ripley" also focuses on the changes in self a person can experience and, like

Harwood in "At Mornington" uses death as the vehicle to portray these changes. However, more predominantly, The

Talented Mr Ripley asks the viewer to identify with a young man who undergoes extensive character changes when

placed in the unfamiliar environment of Italy's 150's aristocracy.

Tom Ripley is a calculating young man who believes its "better to be a fake somebody than a real nobody". He starts

the film as a poor shlub, but desperate to disguise his past as a humble mens room menial acquires a fraudulent

Princeton blazer and quickly works his way up into the beautiful world of seaside Italy where he meets thr rich and

beautiful Diskie and Marge Greenleaf.

Minghella first introduces the audience to Dickie and Marge through binoculars. This technique allows the viewer to

see the world through Toms eyes and emphasises his desire to acquire their lifestyle. This affluent and self absorbed

lifestyle inspires Tom to change his identity to become one of them.

In the opening scene of the film the viewer is shown a list of flashing adjectives before the final word "talented" is

decided upon. This represents everything Tom could have done with his life before his character underwent such a

drastic change and his past goals became corrupt. In this scene, Toms figure is also revealed bit by bit by broken

mirrors, reinforcing the idea that his personality is fractured and constantly changing. The eerie music playing in the

background introduces the viewer with the thriller genre of the film.

Apart from Ripleys obvious transition between social classes, the most predominant change apparent in this film is

that which Ripleys character undergoes. In his quest to acquire the perfect life he has to resort to terrible methods, as

drastic as murder. Tom is so dissatisfied with his life that he is willing to give up everything he has to become

someone else. He ends up living a solitary existence, as symbolised by the long shot of him lying alone and

vulnerable in the boat after he kills Dickie, his life is an ongoing charade as he covers up his true identity with mask

after mask . In his bizarre and twisted quest to change his life and himself, he has misunderstood money for bliss "If I

could just go back I would rub out everything beginning with myself" suggests that Tom is unhappy with the changes

he has brought about in himself.

The fact that Tom is often seen reflected in mirrors and water suggests that he is surreal - merely an image of what he

tried so hard to become.

Through these four examples, it can be clearly percieved that change, particularly those in ones self, come in many

ways, shapes and forms. They can be expressed as positive or negative, trivial or consequential. The composers of

each of these four examples delve into different concepts of changing self and use a number of different techniques

and mediums to portray their ideas. Although some similarities can be seen between the texts, the results are

predominantly different. Please note that this sample paper on Changing self is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Changing self, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Changing self will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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About me

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About Me

Well, I'll start writing a bit about myself (everything will mostly be about me and my frustrations, and of course OB..hehe), so when I read it some years ahead, it will be more interesting. My whole name, given by my parents, is Signe Andersen, but I believe that I also have the name Tinelar Diamondust. Tinelar is Elvish for Signe, and Diamondust is something I came up with with Svends help- when we were playing a computer game named Baldur's Gate, where you have to make your own character. I'm born the 1 of May 187, and now it's the 1 of October 00 so I'm … Just a sec. Gotta count….16 years, 4 months and 17 days old (or rather young). I don't feel like counting the hours, minutes, and sec's. It would take to long, cause I really suck a math. Let's move on. I just finished primary-school which takes years, and now switched to Amt Gymnasium, which takes years. It's like High School in America, but on a College level. It's really hard. I only took it cause if my career doesn't turn out the way I planned, I always have a Studenterbevis. I hate school, homework and everything that evolves around it. Sometimes I can't even understand myself and my choice to go to school of my free will. It's my first year (started 5 August 00) and I hate it already. I didn't know anyone there, so it was quite awkward at first. Now it's 'ok' but I don't wanna talk about that…

I'm from Denmark (HATE this Blimey, bloody, depressing, stinking people, no depths country) and live at home with my year older sister Anne and my mom, who actually doesn't know how to be a mom. I don't even know if she really sees us. But that doesn't matter, she's never home anyway, and I can't get a long with her anyway. Maybe I'm to much like my dad! My mom divorced my dad when I was 5-6. My dad now lives in Malaysia (LOVELY country), and is a full-blooded monk. We live in a 4 room apartment in KBH and are probably economically middle-class, even though my mom can't stop spending money on other people. Charity-basket to other people, that's what she is. She should cut down on it a bit, and buy something for herself.

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I have shoulder-length brown straight (thin) hair, green eyes (they change colours sometimes), heart-shaped face, not to long eyelashes, straight teeth (no, haven't worn braces. ONE ting I'm lucky to have naturally), small boobs, no hips, small ass, quite long legs, musicians hands, and quite flat stomach (still working on it, or rather trying to…), and 1.7 in height. You could call me the Okay-tall, no forms skinny type. A bit Gwynyth Paltrowy. Yep, that's me. I'm not happy with my looks, but I have to live with it, so I better make the most of what I got. Arina and some others, say that I look like a Greek Goddess, and maybe I do (yeah right), but right now, in my teen years, I don't believe it. Guess it's all the emotions and mood swings that make me so insecure. I have my 'oh I'm actually quite pretty' days, but not often enough.I haven't had a boyfriend yet!!! I'm 16 years old and I haven't even got my first kiss. I feel like I'm quite behind, but there are others like me, which I know. I'm the type who waits for the 'right one' to come a long. I don't wanna waste my time with meaningless petting and smooching when I know it's not going to be anything more than just that. And that 'right' guy just hasn't come a long yet. The one that will set my senses on fire. There is one, who can do that, you know… make your belly turn upside down with butterflies. But he's quite out of my league. I'm not supposed to say that, but he really is. Right now I'm lookin' at him, on my wall. Yep, he's an actor called Orlando Bloom (beautiful name, and lead character in my day-dreaming), who you will hear lots and lots more about. But that's later on.

I'm quite picky, cause most guys are the same here. All ordinary and normal. It's boring. Of course they can be nice, but there's not depth in them. Most people I've met in Denmark are like that. Absolutely NO depth. So that's why I don't really fancy going to parties and stuff like that. Because it's all the same. Everyone else wants to in my age, go clubbing, smoke and drink till your head falls off, and you can't walk straight even after you've been sleepin' 10 hours and then you vomit it all out on the side of the toilet, because you can't see straight yet. It's just not my thing. I haven't been drunk yet either (Beer tastes like piss and corn…YUCK). And to get to the point behind this, is that because I don't do all those things that people my age find highly entertaining, and the only way to live life (otherwise you're just lame and weird), does that I can't really communicate with them. There's not really anything to talk about. Of course it can be really fun, and you can discuss some subjects, but in the end, it's not enough for me. I need someone to talk to, who can look over the smoke, party and drunkenness and see that there's much more meaning to life than that. Someone who understands my line of thinking. And right now, I haven't found that person (s) yet. Not a single ONE. Guess that will be later in my life (I hope), but sometimes I can really feel like an outcast because I don't think like all other people. To summon it up for today, the main point is that I'm Weird, different and special. And even though it can be hurtful sometimes cause people don't accept you, for who you are… I'm proud of who I am. I think it's better to NOT to be just another one in the crowd. It makes me more interesting…It's good to be weird.

The End Please note that this sample paper on About me is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on About me, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on About me will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The living nightmare

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The living nightmare

It was a perfect day as I walked up the mountain, with a cloudless sky overhead. As my climbing party and I reached the bottom of Mount Cheguva, the highest mountain in the world, I gazed up above and stared in amazement at the snow-capped peaks, and steep rocky paths covered with snowflakes. It seemed that one man alone could not conquer this mammoth creation of Mother Nature. I realized by the end of the day I could be in heaven, among many unknown species and uncharted valleys. At ten miles high, from this close, my reason for living seemed almost too big, almost.

It was pointed out to me, however, that the pitch-black well clouds known in this part of the world were on the horizon and a strong wind was beginning to howl in our ears. Oblivious to the many forceful warnings shouted in my direction, I began my long climb. Tiny snowflakes began to create a light powder, making the floor slippery and sticky with mud once it melted.

After traversing the moderately steep slopes near the bottom, I realized I had no idea of how long I'd been climbing. The snow fell heavy and began to lash my face and the howling wind was driving against me. I glanced at my watch and realized that I had been climbing for hours. It was late and conditions like these at night could mean death. I found a small overhang with cover from the howling wind and decided to lay my camp for the night as there was no way to turn back now, not in this weather.

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Having sat down to rest, I suddenly realized how hungry I was. To my astonishment and horror, I discovered three gaping slash marks in the back of my bag, seemingly those from some sort of animal that lived in this place. I could feel the colour draining from my cheeks. I got out my food, although there was no hope of lighting a fire in this terrible weather. While I was gnawing at some of my now soggy turkey, I tried to remember whether I had seen any animal but could not remember seeing any. Not a single thing all the time, which was very unusual considering it, was one of the best habitats for bears, foxes and other mountain creatures.

To say the least, the holes in my bag had me very worried. There was not a trace of life on the entire mountain, another thing that troubled me. My clothes were saturated, and in this weather, that meant death. I couldn't light a fire so I curled up and concentrated on keeping myself warm. The snow had turned into hail and drove down with uncontrollable force, lit dimly by the cracks of lightning and the whistle of the wind.

Out of the corner of my eye a movement caught my attention a mass of black. It must have been around ten feet tall. A crack of lightning, showed it was against the snow-covered background, then gone. I was scared out of my wits and began to pack my bag, giving up any hope of rest for the night. An ear splitting roar nearly knocked me- over the sheer force of it was so devastating. My ears ringing, and adrenaline flowing through my veins, I ran through the trees and ducked behind a boulder, hoping it would cover me from the creature's view.

The next thing I noticed as I tried to gather my thoughts was that my surroundings were ominously quiet, like a ghost town No driving hail, no lashing rain, and no cracks of lightning. As I glanced to my right, I saw a jet black shape darting through the trees. A second later, and it was gone. I turned around as I came to halt and froze. My heart began to thump faster. This thing stood in front of me, two-inch teeth bared, blood shot eyes staring into mine. I recovered from the shock quickly enough to dodge the paw crashing down into the boulder, smashing it to pieces. I whipped round and fired my hunting rifle into the beast, before crashing into the snow. I may as well have been throwing stones for the effect it had on the creature. I couldn't even see if the bullet had hit it.

I crawled to my feet and stumbled into a run. The beast was nowhere to be seen but the only thing on my mind was getting to the bottom of the mountain. I began to climb up a slight overhang. Just as my feet cleared the bottom, the creature's claws raked against the rock. I levelled my rifle to its face and let my rifle fire directly into its jaw. This did have the desired effect, as the creature wheeled back and smashed to the floor.

Turning my back, I began climbing up the sheer rock face to escape, loose stones falling all around me. The sun was beginning to rise, casting a great shadow over the entire side of the mountain. I heard another scuttling of rocks down the mountainside and glanced down. To my horror, the creature was climbing straight after me. As I pulled myself over the edge, I crouched to the floor and began firing rounds in the direction of the beast. The majority of shots missed but those that hit their target were enough to make it slip on the loose stones and crash to the ground.

I decided to finish it now. Staring through my telescopic sight, I aimed right at its temple. I pulled the trigger. Click. Nothing happened. I did it again and, again nothing happened. With no ammo in it, I threw my now useless rifle to the floor and saw a large boulder. Putting all my strength behind it, I it rolled down the cliff, crashing directly in to the creature and sending it into the ice filled chasm below. Then, there was silence. I checked my body for wounds and, bleeding from every limb, pondered how to reach the bottom and safety. I ran as brisk as I could as I tumbled down the mountain. I had no self-control over myself, and before I knew I had collapsed forming a spherical shape.

Feeling weak, I began to open my eyes sluggishly. I wondered where I was. Moments later I heard something coming towards me, suddenly there was silence. I stood up to see what it was but nothing came into view. I sat back down. The sound then came back. I was petrified to know I was no longer alone. I moved closer trying to visualize who was there.

"Who is it?" No one replied. The only thing I could hear was the echoing of my voice. I could feel something breathing over me. I turned around to see what was there but there was nothing. As I gazed around something diverted my attention. I could not believe it at first and I began to rub my eyes slowly.

"How are you?" a booming voice came from the dark. I began to creep back slowly. Wondering what I was doing here. I was anxious and did not reply immediately.

My heart began to pump faster. "What am I doing here?" There was complete silence. It moved closer and spoke slowly; " You were found lying on the ground. The rescue team found you brutally battered"

"Thank god". I noticed a very peculiar ring on his fingerer. It was round and had two horns either side with a skull in the middle. But I did not ask any questions. "I think I'd better get some food" he spoke, and went. I thought long and hard that night about the ring but I did not take it seriously. After few hours went by he returned. "It is very cold out side don't you think?" "Oh yes" I said. "It is very dark outside also a full moon so do not wonder off it is too dangerous" he spoke in a concerned voice.

Later that night the howling off the wolves grew louder which woke me from my sleep. I looked around wondering where he had gone, but he did not come into sight. In the far corner a shadow came into view. I leapt up and begun to walk forward.

"Stop right there" a voice came from the same direction. "Run as fast as you can, run!" it said. I tried running but it was no use the way was blocked. I turned around and froze.

A creature about seven feet tall and covered with hair and red eyes blinding me stood in front of me. It lifted me high up and spoke; "I am thirsty for blood". I was powerless and did not know what to do. I realised it wore the same ring as other man who saved me. I realised to my amazement he was a blood thirst creature a ware wolf.

It gripped my throat and I fainted. I woke up the next morning battered and could not walk. I rested. I woke up as the sun begun to set. I opened my eyes and looked at my watch realising it was seven o'clock.I realised I had the ring the ware wolf had I tried to take it off but I did not have the strength to. I looked straight at the moon and realised hair begun to grow on my chest, with large inhuman like teeth and red eyes with brown skin. I had realised I had transformed into a hideous creature and thirsty for blood.

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Golda Meir: Forever Remembered

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Golda Meir was a woman with a lifelong commitment and an unfailing dedication in bringing her dream to a reality. Her dream was for Israel to be a safe homeland for the Jewish nation, including the Zionist Movement, which she wanted people to clearly understand. Zionism served as a strong belief that the Jews should gain their fatherland in Israel that they had lost to the Romans in 70 A.D. Golda Meir never lost sight of this goal, and did countless things for Israel. If only we could have her compassion, strength, courage and intelligence- then would we all be able to make such a perpetual effect on the world's countries as she did.

On May rd, 188, Golda was born into a family in Kiev, Russia. Her family was quite destitute, and there was much hunger and tears. "I remember too clearly how poor we were. There was never enough of anything, not food, not warm clothing, not heat at home. I was always a little too cold outside and a little too empty inside." Golda remembers that gruel (a certain type of grain) was a luxury in their household, and at times, her own gruel was confiscated for the sake of her younger siblings. She felt life's hardships and thought that there was no righteous justice served anywhere. Her sister, Sheyna, fainted from hunger in school. Golda says that it's sad to recall her memories, for she had rare pleasant times at home. Pogroms were all over during this time, looking to persecute for the Jews as they called them "Christ Killers". They were to do terrible things to the Jewish families, gesturing knives and huge sticks.

"I can remember how I stood on the stairs that led to the second floor in my building where another Jewish family lived. The mother of that family held hands with her little daughter, while watching our fathers trying to barricade the entrance with boards of wood." It was a fearful time for Golda, possessing a small point of view being a young child, and she did not yet understand the dirty politics of the world. These inclement conditions of their personal poverty and pogroms caused them to migrate to America in 106, to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There she started middle school until she learned she was to marry a man twice her age at 14, and so she ran to her sisters house in Denver, Colorado to begin High School soon after.

It was at her sisters that Golda grew continuously interested in the Zionist Movement. There, guests had came to discuss Zionism and it's works. She joined the Zionist movement, and from there- the rest is almost history! On December 4, 117 she married Morris Myerson, who she loved even though he had not shared her enthusiasm on Zionism. In the first few months of their marriage, Golda had traveled all over the United States producing new Zionist groups and fundraising. "I listened to the other groups, I heard what they had to say, but it was to the Socialist Zionists that I found myself listening most attentively, and it was their political philosophy of Israel that made the most sense to me." Golda understood and completely accepted the idea for Israel to be the home for the Jews- a place on the Earth where Jews could be free and independent. Zionisim captured her eye more than the political scene in Denver or even then what was going on in Russia.

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Golda's dream was to join a Kibbutz, a communal farm, in Israel, and so she left America and went to Merhavia, Israel to fulfill this dream. Her personality was strong, and when she saw something that she wanted to be a part of, nothing could block her from going her own way. Golda was the type of person who got places she wanted to go when she wanted to go. She gave her all into every job she felt would help build the Jewish homeland. One of her main Middot was most definitely determination. Morris had not always liked her travelling and intense involvement in politics, but she had always remained independent and strong in her belief- and kept going with utmost determination to ease the sore backs of the Jewish people.

Golda steadfastly became even more involved with Israel's movements. In 146, she became the head of the Jewish Agencys political department. Then in 147 she traveled to the United States once more to raise money to purchase arms for Israel. This fundraiser was said to be impossible by many people, but Golda pressed on, determination shining right through. With perseverance, she returned to Israel with 50 Million-, which made Israel possible. She then became appointed Israel's ambassador to the Soviet Union. Even though she created relationships this way with the Soviet Union, the job required much labor, and Golda wasn't happy with it. Luckily, she was elected Israel's minister of labor which allowed her to stay home and not travel as much- and this she was satisfied with. In 148, Israel was established as a state. "The state of Israel! My eyes filled with tears, and my hands shook. We had done it. We had brought the Jewish State into existence! And I, Golda Mabovitch Meyerson, had lived to see the day." Golda was so relieved, for she felt that the exile of the Jewish people was over, and now we finally had our home. "Too late to save those that perished in the Holocaust, but not to late too save generations to come."

It is known that for many decades, even centuries, women leaders have sought to strengthen laws to guarantee themselves equal rights. Many legislative efforts sometimes successfully increased womens rights, but the gains were often very difficult, and many major efforts to pass Constitutional Amendments guaranteeing equal rights failed. During World War II, several million American women took factory production jobs to aid the war effort. But after the war had ended, these women were forced to leave their job to make room for the returning soldiers. Society encouraged women to become full-time housewives. Devotion to home and family and the rejection of a career emerged as the ideal image for women.

But a new wave to help women receive their rights began in the 160's. Women were tired of being known as a person who would just take care of dishes and clothing, running the house day in and day out. Womens groups fully discovered discrimination in the workplace, where women received less pay and fewer promotions than men did. They also uncovered boundaries to women seeking political office and to female students striving for higher education.

Golda Meir was way ahead of her own time. We see so openly her determination, and grand leadership, which she used to help pull her through Israel's difficulties, and the worlds. She began within herself the beginning of Womens' rights. Did it matter that not many women before her had been in her position? Did it bother her that she wasn't young, or wealthy? Golda Meir was a strong lady, full of dreams and goals, which she established for her country, no matter her sex or status.

Golda was discovered to have cancer in 16, but that did not stop her from doing anything-nothing in her lifetime ever did stop her. After working 4 years for Israel, she began thinking of retiring- for this was too much work for her. She backed off from her position as foreign minister, and Prime Minister Levi Eshkol took her place. Only after a few months into her retirement, Golda felt she couldn't just retire and so she became Labor Party secretary general. Prime Minister Eshkol died of a heart attack in 16, and Golda was asked to take his place, only temporarily. She saw how much Israel really needed her, and she knew it was going to be exhausting. She decided to serve Israel again. On March 7, she was voted in. She became so busy and had so little time, she would have meetings at her kitchen table at night. This was a challenge for Golda, but as usual, with her determination, she took it up as a way to help her people through.

Israel began to have serious problems with the Arab enemies, and there were many loses. Golda mourned each lost with such heart-felt sorrow. "We count each one, and each sorrow is not only of the mother, but of all mothers, of everybody in the country. Then on October 6th, 17, the Arab-Israeli war broke out where ,500 Israeli's were killed. It is said that this great loss might have been prevented if Golda would have used a callup of the defense forces. And because so, many protests and critics had bothered her, and accused her, and so- she resigned.

Golda's cancer wasn't getting any better, but this didn't discourage and bother has nearly as much as Israel's own problems did. She began to work out some peace efforts, but on October 1th, 178, she entered the hospital and passed away. She had wanted no eulogies.

Can you imagine- a woman so strong in her commitment to a country, a woman so determined to make a difference in the world…and did…wanted no eulogies? This woman possessed a great deal of humility. She did more for Israel than any other person did. She built relationships with her people, felt for each one that passed away, and did all she could with the power and energy she had remaining. Many presidents I know of today, and even some in the past, do not even nearly come close to Golda Meir. They are in mostly for the politics, and yes, sometimes do make accomplishments-but are they really in it for the welfare of the people themselves, like Meir was? Golda, through her dedication to the cause, gave Jewish people hope. Her attitude was uplifting, and her success made Jews proud to have her as a representative of their community and to call her a Jew.

Gershon Fradkin, the director of the Foreign Training Department of the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension service, wrote a tribute to Golda Meir saying

"Whether as Ambassador, Minister or Prime Minister, to everyone in Israel she was Golda, as she was for the many students she met and talked with. She had simplicity of manner and a talent for immediate heart-to-heart contact, which made it easy to talk to her. In my travels in Africa through the years I met with eloquent testimony to the love and admiration which she inspired - the many children who bear the name Golda."

Meir's love for Israel was immeasurable and everlasting. Her name, Meir, in Hebrew, means light. For sure this is a name that exactly describes her as a person. A light unto the country, a light unto the people, and a light unto the Jewish Nation as a whole, forever.

Please note that this sample paper on Golda Meir: Forever Remembered is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Golda Meir: Forever Remembered, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Golda Meir: Forever Remembered will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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