Discuss the role of the journalist in the modern political Scene and whether journalism allows a citizen to play a Wider or narrower part in modern democracy.

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Journalists have two main roles in today's modern political scene. Robert W McChesney describes these two roles as "indispensable functions…within democratic theory." He sets them out as such

First, the media system must provide a rigorous accounting of people in power and people who want to be in power… This is known as the watchdog role.

Second, the media system must provide reliable information and a wide range of informed opinions on the important social and political issues of the day. (McChesney, 00)

Through these two roles journalists try to involve citizens in politics and issues affecting them with the goal of increasing democracy in Britain. Democracy is "government by the people, exercised directly or through elected representatives" or simply "majority rule." (www.dictionary.com)

To have a democracy where "the common people [are] considered as the primary source of political power" (www.dictionary.com) citizens need to be politically active. Which after the lowest ever turnout of fifty-nine per-cent at the last general election they are clearly not. This is mainly due to apathy towards politics, which is seen as both corrupt and boring by many. The disinterest in politics is especially clear in Hartlepool where the football teams mascot, H'Angus the monkey, was elected mayor.

It is the role of journalists to give citizens information on politics, through newspapers, television or radio so to allow them to play a wider part in politics. The media is the only source from which most citizens can learn of many political issues. For example, many would probably never have learnt about the now famous Falklands event when 'The Belgrano,' an Argentinean ship, was sunk in controversial circumstances if it had not been investigated and reported by journalists. Citizens have the right to know about events such as this one, especially as it could affect whom they vote into power at the next general election.

Investigative journalism…contributes to democracy by nurturing an informed citizenry. Information is a vital resource to empower a vigilant public that ultimately hold government accountable through voting and participation. (McChesney, 00) It is vital to a democratic system that the citizens have as much knowledge as possible on issues affecting them. For example, it is essential that when in the next four years there is a referendum, the most direct democratic system possible, on whether to join the Euro or not people know the arguments for and against joining. The government, Labour, and the opposition government, Conservative, will release information on this but both will be biased. It is the job of the media to show the public both sides from a neutral stance.

However, this will probably not happen. This is because such media as newspapers are also biased, according mainly to the owners feelings. This is shown when newspapers continually back one party's stance. Such as the 'Daily Telegraph', which has picked up the nickname of the 'Daily Torygraph' because of its bias towards the Conservative party.

This bias means that they will not print damaging articles against the Conservatives or many articles praising the Labour party and as such are not performing the second role set out by McChesney. To give a "wide range of informed opinions." Therefore they are narrowing democracy by not giving its readers all the information.

There is a counter argument to this however

No single medium can or should be expected to provide all of this [McChesney's two roles]; but the media system as a whole should provide easy access to this for all citizens. (McChesny, 00)

This is saying that it is acceptable that one newspaper, or one radio station has a bias view point on an issue and only prints arguments for or against the issue if there is someone else, another paper, to give citizens the other side of the argument. For example, the Telegraph gives citizens one point of view whilst the Guardian gives the other. It is questionable, though, whether many people would buy two, especially differing in opinions, newspapers and as such would not receive both sides of the argument.

Silvio Waisbord backs up McChesney's first role

The press should make government accountable by publishing information about matters of public interest even if information reveals abuses or crimes perpetrated by those in authority… It is linked to the logic of checks and balances. (Waisbord, 001)

This argument is saying that it is the role of journalists to act almost as an opposition to those looking to gain power or who are in power, such as MPs. By doing this, many scandals have been revealed. Including the revelation that Tony Blair's Labour party received a donation of almost one million pounds from Mr.Ecclestone, owner of a formula one racing team, soon after deciding against a ban on cigarette advertising on formula one cars. Which is a major source of revenue for owners such as Mr.Ecclestone.

The argument for revealing these 'stories' is that it is in the public's interest to know who their representatives are and how they make their decisions, which are on behalf of them. Chasqui also argues this

Journalism in democracy should be critical, overseeing… and also varied so that it can offer the necessary checks and balances that modern democracy requires. (Chasqui, 16)

However, in Britain sensationalism seems to be more important than giving citizens information and so widening democracy. This is because stories such as Edwina Curries' affair with John Major sell more newspapers or attract more viewers than a story about David Blunkett's views on the state of education in Britain. Profit is the main goal for newspapers, not meeting McChesney's two roles. However, it may be possible to have both.

In the respect that newspapers are profit orientated it seems papers in Britain are heading down the same highway as those have in the United States. In an era where our Prime Minister is being taunted by our own newspapers as a 'poodle' to the United State's President, where we see McDonald's on nearly every street and the up and coming 'top' music is R and B and hip hop from America it is worrying that our media and especially newspapers may go the same way. The very way that prompted McChesney to say

The media system in the United States does not exist to save democracy; it exists to generate maximum profit… [So, ironically], democratic interests of the many are undermined by the selfish interest of the few. (McChesney, 00)

Journalists are not widening democracy when their articles spend longer talking about the revelation that John Major wears blue pants than they do about the knock on effect his affair(s) must have had on his role as the Prime Minister.

Journalists have a vital role in today's modern political scene as it the only access most people have to knowing what is happening about certain issues. Journalism can and does widen democracy. It does this by challenging, through investigative journalism, those in and around power and by letting the public know what is happening in their government. Journalism, and reporting the news, is vital to democracy, but only works to widen it if journalists report the accurately, fully and about issues that matter. If journalism, as a business, becomes to obsessed with profit, sensationalism and gossip rather than 'proper' news then it will just serve to weaken democracy. Journalism definitely allows citizens to play a wider part in modern democracy but could do more to make it easier for citizens to play.

Bibliography

Chasqui (16) Periodismo, Democracia y Transcioun. (Ecuador)

McChesny, R.W. (00) Journalism, Democracy…and Class Struggle.

Waisbord, S. (001) Why Democracy Needs Investigative Journalism.

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Boyz in the hood

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Boys N the Hood Justified Violence

Violence is a part of our life in today's society. The word violence is used quite often in everyday conversations. Not only is violence used and described in daily conversations, but violence is used in the entertainment world as well. By saying entertainment world, in specific, the movie entertainment business is meant. Violence has been used in movies as far as anyone can remember. The original version of Godzilla was made quite a few years ago and with less technology, but that did not stop the makers of the movie to include violence. Sometimes violence is used merely for visual sake and has nothing to do with the plot of the story. The violence in the film, Boyz N the Hood, is entertaining, visual, and universal; some viewers may consider some scenes too violent and unnecessary, however, from the filmmaker's point of view the scenes are necessary to illustrate conflict and resolution among the characters.

The exact definition of violence is an exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse. Bailey and Hale put the definition in a broader prospective and define violence as a "series of events, the course of which or the outcomes of which, cause injury or damage to a persons or property." The two definitions are similar. They both define violence as causing an injury. Using those definitions of violence, one can easily conclude that violence is used in a sense as a second language when making films.

The movie, Boyz N the Hood, is a typical example of how violence is used in movies. The main character is Tre Styles, a teenager growing up in South Central Los Angeles. His father, Furious, is divorced and lives away from Tre and his mother, but hes still involved in Tres upbringing. He does his best to teach his son the values of right and wrong. Meanwhile, Tres childhood buddies Ricky and Doughboy are living their lives in terms of the epidemic of violence and poverty that has plagued their neighborhood. Ricky, a talented football player, is striving to get a full athletic scholarship to college. Doughboy lives a life full of crime but still remains true to his friends. The obstacles that these three young men come across result in dire consequences, devastatingly avoidable and inevitable at the same time.

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The movie is acclaimed to accurately portray South Central Los Angeles in the late 80s and early 0s as painted by Jon Singleton, who grew up in that neighborhood. Although violence has a vital part in this movie's story line, in some scenes violence is overemphasized. Over the course of the entire movie, there are 1 instances of violence during the total 11 minutes. That calculates out to one instance of violence every .4 seconds. The 1 instances of violence can be classified into two different categories instrumental violence, which is violent behavior used by individuals to achieve a particular goal in the end and expressive violence, which is when violence is largely an explosive phenomenon, which generally erupts as a statement of deep emotional forces and feelings. The violence can be encoded as a conflict resolution, meaning that the rival groups of teenagers see what they think is a conflict and they use violence to settle the "conflict." Basically, violence is used as a means to solve the problem.

There is one particular scene in Boyz N the Hood where an encoded instrumental violence takes place, meaning it involves context and images that amount to hidden or explicit rationales. The scene takes place after Ricky and Tre leave the corner store. As they are leaving, a car full of rival gang members pulls up. To avoid trouble Tre and Ricky run down an alley and they split up. As Ricky is going his way, he is scratching off a lottery ticket and is not paying attention. Tre turns around and sees the car stop directly in Ricky's path. When Ricky hears Tre's warning, it is too late. One of the rival members points a gun out the window and shoots Ricky three times. That particular scene can be classified as conflict resolution, because the rival gang settles their problem they had with Ricky's group by shooting and killing Ricky solely because he was apart of another group.

In the same scene, the violence was enplotted, meaning that certain techniques were used to enhance the violence that is taking place. The violence was enplotted in two different ways through the use of a shock scene and through the use of blood. When Ricky turns around to run, the scene is slowed down and shows him running in slow motion. The "shock" takes place when the gun is shot and the bullets enter Ricky's body. Since the scene is in slow motion the audience can actually see the bullets enter his body and Ricky slowly falling to the ground. Blood shoots out of Ricky's body when he is shot and the bullet wounds can be seen. The visual effects make the impact much deeper. The killing scene is made bigger than life and the audience is left, not with sadness of seeing someone being killed, but with the sensational graphic imagery of the act.

Expressive violence, the second way violence can be classified, is. After Ricky's brother, Doughboy, finds out that Ricky was murdered, he is overcome by feelings of rage and anger. He immediately seeks vengeance upon the thugs that murdered his brother. Vengeance is one way that expressive violence can be encoded. Doughboy decides that he is going to pay back the group that killed Ricky. He finds the rival group at a drive in restaurant. A simple drive by will not satisfy Doughboy's need for vengeance, so he stops the car and gets out and shoots all three members of the rival group at point blank range. It is only then that he is satisfied. Doughboy doe not consider killing as a crime. Instead he justifies the use of violence to correct the death of Ricky. The violence that takes place in the film Boyz N the Hood is depicted as justified within the story of the film because it solves a problem. The rival groups have a problem with one another; therefore, the use of violence is used to solve the conflict.

In the film, Boyz N the Hood, both the perpetrators and the receivers are young black men who are caught in poverty and violence of a ghetto subculture. The young men are drawn into gangs and drugs, not necessarily because of their choosing, but because of their environment.

Violence is all around us in today's society. It is an integral part of our real and fantasy worlds. Moviegoers have been exposed to violence for quite some time. Even in the times of black and white movies, violence already played a major part. Violence is a crucial tool for moviemakers, because violence is a moneymaker. An example of a movie that uses violence to tell the story is Boyz N the Hood. The movie has a violent scene about every ten seconds. The writer has been acknowledged for accurately portraying the real life of gang and drug infested subculture of young black males in South Central Los Angeles through use of expressive and explosive violence. The storyline may be accurate, however, some scenes are overtaken by excessively graphic imageries of violence.

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Apes

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The first video took place .5 million years ago in East Africa where a species of ape lives. Australopithecus afarensis had taken the first steps towards humanity - and could stand and walk on two legs.

A few million years before, Africa was covered, almost edge-to-edge, with thick rain forest. Our ancestors used all four limbs to move, live and hunt. But immense environmental chaos, changes their future.

The rift valley was forming, and the rainforests dying, as Africa dried out - turning the landscape into an assortment of scattered trees and grass. In this new environment afarensis found it more efficient to move about not on four legs but on two.

This film follows a group of afarensis, and in particular, Lucy and her young newborn. Led by a strong male, there is harmony in their lives. They sleep high in the trees and spend most of the day searching for food. But while drinking from a river, a crocodile sneaks in unnoticed and catches the unsuspecting alpha male.

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Now leaderless, a disagreement for power between the two secondary males unsettles the group. Added to that, a rival group invades Lucys territory. While not uncommon in their chimp-like lifestyles, the consequential territory war was both violent and extreme and has devastating consequences.

As the groups lives move on, the video shows how although walking on two feet offers minor advantages to the afarensis it opens the door to an amazing set of new skills and abilities that will change the shape of human life on earth.Like the Australopithecus afarensis, Humans today (especially men) are very protective of what they believe to be theirs, they are also very competitive and don't like sharing power. People today also try to find the most efficient way of doing things, just like the Australopithecus afarensis found it more efficient walking on two legs rather than four.

The second video was set in Africa, two million years ago, where there was a crossroad in human evolution. Half a dozen or more different species of ape-men existed along side each other; all of them exploited the environment in a different way and developed their own strategy for survival.

The video follows the lives of two species, Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis who represent two alternative ways of ape-man life. Although heavy set, with unique gorilla-like faces, the boisei were gentle. They lived within a strict social structure and were led by a dominant male whose strength and power held the group together.

They adapted brilliantly to the tough conditions of dry scorched land. Their huge teeth, four times the size of our own, and strong jaws mean they can eat the toughest plants.

The habilis had taken a different approach to survival. They didn't have the skills of the boisei but instead developed into the archetypal jack-of-all-trades, prying scavengers prepared to try almost anything to survive. Tough, active, sociable and noisy they are always on the move, and always alert to the possibility of a meal. But in the near drought of the dry season the habilis were struggling. It seemed as if their way of life cannot help them when conditions were tough.

However habilis had a secret weapon, they had come to use brainpower rather than strength. They learnt to work together to scare other predators away from food, they scavenge for meat and, perhaps most importantly, made basic stone tools - equipping themselves through their own efforts with the kind of specialist eating equipment creatures like the boisei had by nature.

Although we have a dominant figure of authority we do not rely on their leadership as much as the boisei did. Like the boisei we usually find it easy to adapt to our surroundings.

Like the habilis we tend to use brainpower over strength,

The third video took place in southern Africa; where the Homo ergaster had taken the next step to becoming human. They had long, modern looking noses, which cooled air as they breathe to stop overexertion.

They had hairless bodies, with millions of tiny sweat glands, so they didn't need to pant anymore to control their temperature, they sweated. And, above all, they have big brains - nearly two-thirds the size of ours.

This video followed the lives of a group of ergaster on a hunt and showed how they used their big brains. They were the first ape-man to have our intricate understanding of the natural world, and was able to recognize and follow the footprints left behind by many different animals. They were expert toolmakers and used a highly refined stone hand axe. But the most important thing they used their big brains for is the same thing as we do - understanding other people.

Ergaster lived in large social groups and spent their time in the complex task of getting along with each other. Their society was held together not by a dominant male, but by the bonds of family and friends. For the first time, hunters would bring back meat to the rest of the group after a hunt, using it to forge alliances and reinforce relationships. Their extraordinary social world has led to a new occurrence in our human story - the couple, living together, at least for a time, faithfullly.

Their new found social bonds and understanding of the world had equipped them with skills that enabled them to move away from their ancestral home in Africa. Over thousands of years they spread throughout the Middle East and Asia, reaching as far as China and are now known in their new Asian home as Homo erectus.

Despite being incredibly sophisticated for their kind, they were still far from human. One million years after and they had not changed, they were still using the exact same tools and tactics, they had made no technological advancements. Compare this with Homo sapiens who had gone from the steam age to the space age in under a hundred years.

Their brains simply did not work in the flexible way ours do. For them to become like us required a major change in thinking. We may know what triggered this dramatic change; towards the end of ergasters time there is evidence that they had learnt to control and work with fire as a weapon, for warmth and as a tool.

For the first time in our history night-time no longer brought danger, but warmth, security and time for the mind to wander - perhaps time for the mind to change. Fire certainly revolutionised the way our ancestors lived - perhaps it did the same to how they could think.

In the fourth video, nearly half a million years ago, the most advanced human the world had still not seen Europe. Strong and powerful, Homo heidelbergensis were fierce hunters, used sophisticated tools and lived in close knit family groups.

They looked and behaved in a very human way - yet something was missing. In the final video, we saw three brothers on a hunt, when one brother was injured, his worried family spent most of the night trying to keep him alive.

Yet in the morning the hunter was dead and his family had gone, leaving him where he died. There was no ceremony and no looking back. H. heidelbergensis could only see the world as it was, and they could not, for example, think of a life after death, for they lacked the one thing that makes us human - a modern imagination.

H. heidelbergensis were the last step in becoming us. Over two hundred thousand years they had become divided into two groups by extremes of weather and environment, and evolved separately into two very different species.

In the north are the Neanderthals, whose physical power and resilience was the key to surviving in ice age Northern Europe. In one of the harshest environments ever, a small group of Neanderthal was having trouble getting by.

The leaders partner was expecting her first child and the men had to travel far to find food. If they were unsuccessful the group would have to move on, a dangerous event for the near full term mum. In their world, being strong and tough was the key to survival. If the going got tough, they'd just fight back harder.

In the south the other descendants of heidelbergensis, were finding the going even harder. 140,000 years ago, Africa was in the grip of a devastating drought, and something remarkable had happened to the descendants of heidelbergensis who lived there the combination of environment and chance bred in them a unique ability that changed the course of human history.

They developed a mind capable of imagination - for the first time on earth there was a creature capable of understanding and anticipating possibilities, with the gift of abstract thought. It very possibly saved them from the brink of extinction.

Although the Neanderthal were unbeatable for a quarter of a million years, it was this small group of southern survivors, perhaps numbering just a few tens of thousands, would come to dominate the world, and be known as Homo sapiens our ancestors.

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The Best Refuge For Insomniacs

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Landriault 1

Krista Landriault

Mrs. Lenti

ENG 4UL-01

10 October 00

Analysis of "The Best Refuge For Insomniacs"

Lance Morrow's essay "The Best Refuge For Insomniacs" explores the bare subject of reading. The author uses a structured organization of ideas with a serious and affectionate tone to produce a formal piece of writing; but personalizes it with a functional language style, first person point of view and an implied thesis. The author's first purpose is to convince the reader of the comfort books can bring during troubling times, and his second purpose is to persuade the reader to find his or her own list of favorite books. Morrow achieves his twofold purpose through the use of emphasis and coherence.

The essayist uses emphasis to stress his bare subject and his purpose announcement of the thesis, principal idea, repetition of the main idea, and the use of intensified style. To begin, Morrow announces his thesis in a clear but implied manner "The calm and clarity of Cather's prose stabilized the woman and helped her through the time." In other words the calmness of reading prose supports troubled people. Thus, reading helps one through difficult times in life.

In addition to the thesis, Morrow employs a principal idea at the beginning and the end of his essay reading helps. He writes, "helped her through the time," at the beginning of the essay and he includes "helps the mind through the black hours," at the end of the essay. This principal idea is used to highlight how people use reading for solace. Therefore, through adding emphasis to his ideas Morrow powerfully conveys the message that reading helps individuals through hard times.

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Furthermore, Morrow utilizes repetition of the main idea to stress that reading helps one through difficult times. One repetition of this main idea is used to emphasize the value of reading as companionship "the books you keep for the middle of the night serve a deeply personal purpose, one of companionship." Another repetition of the main idea is used to establish reading's function of stabilization to a chaotic mind "Reading restores to the mind a stabilization of linear prose. . . ." Finally, a last repetition of the main idea is used to accentuate the security people find in reading books "I found shelter in books in the middle of the night." Hence, repetition of the main idea emphasizes that reading helps the mind through hard times.

A final method that Morrow uses to achieve emphasis is intensified style. For example, a metaphor is employed to compare the news to a knife, "The global electronic collective, the knife of the news. . . ." In this quotation, the news (like other media) inflicts pain and discomfort on a troubled mind in contrast to reading that offers solace and refuge to a troubled mind. An additional metaphor is utilized to compare television to a microwave, "The medium is a microwave it makes reality taste wrong." In this quotation, the microwave transforms food to be eaten in the same way that television transforms the mind because it does not support reality. A final example is a simile used to measure the alikeness between music and ice water, "music like bright ice water. . . ." In this quotation the author compares the coldness and awareness an individual obtains by encountering bright ice water to music which delivers the same attributes, as does reading. In summary, intensified style brings out the point the author is trying to make in a clear, strong manner.

In short, Lance Morrow has used four different methods to achieve emphasis by announcing his thesis that reading stabilizes troubled minds, by placing the principal idea of help at the beginning and at the end of the essay, by repeating the main idea of reading, and by using intensified style devices like metaphors and similes. As well, Morrow uses coherence to relate

Landriault

the parts of the essay in a way that is clear to the reader transitions, parallel structure, echoing, and organization of ideas.

One way in which Morrow establishes coherence is through the use of transitions. For example, he uses a time transition, "Years ago," to set up a personal example of when he turned to a history book to help him recover from surgery "Years ago, recovering from a heart operation, I read Shelby Foote's three-volume history of the American Civil War. . . ." In another example Morrow writes, "In Vietnam the soldiers said, 'he is a man you can walk down the road with.'" This place transition, "In Vietnam," sets up the metaphor of companionship and its application to books. Finally, Morrow uses an example transition phrase, "for example," to set up an example of how Mozart's music brings the same effect as reading to a troubled mind "Mozart, for example music like bright ice water, or say, the memory of the serene Palladian lines of Jefferson's Monticello." In brief, Morrow uses time, place, and example transitions to establish coherence between ideas.

Coherence is further achieved through the use of parallel structure. One parallel structure is found in paragraph five "I mean the kind of reading one does to keep sane, to touch other intelligences, to absorb a little grace." These parallel infinitive verb phrases qualify the kind of reading needed to help one through the night reading which provides sanity, intelligences, grace. In the same paragraph, Morrow uses parallel dependent clauses "In Vietnam the soldiers said, 'He is a man you can walk down the road with,'" and "Every reader knows there are certain books you can go down the road with." These parallel phrases reveal how books can be trusted and serve the role of companionship. As well, parallel structure is used in paragraph eleven "Wallace Stevens for his strange visual clarities, Robert Frost for his sly moral clarities, Walt Whitman for his spaciousness and energy." These prepositional phrases offer stabilizing qualities that reading encompasses. In short, to further achieve coherence, Morrow uses parallel infinitive verb phrases, parallel dependent clauses, and parallel prepositional phrases.

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Finally coherence is achieved through echoing. For example, Morrow echoes the word "medium" "The medium is a microwave. . ."; "Dreams are not an electronic medium"; and "The medium destroys sequence." This use of echoing draws attention to the medium of television with its subversion of reality in a discomforting manner. Another example is when the subject of war is echoed "In Vietnam the soldiers. . ."; "War (and television) shatters"; and "history of the American Civil War." The idea of war brings an awareness of how, like television, war destroys the stability of the mind and sets it up for needing comfort. Lastly, Morrow echoes night and darkness " in the morning. . ."; "the books you keep for the middle of the night"; "got through a tragic time by reading Dickens to each other every night; and "helps the mind through the black hours." The author's use of echoing shows how people use reading for comfort in the long hours of the night when they are lonely and uncomfortable. To summarize, Morrow echoes the words "medium", "war", and "night," to emphasize how these discomforts bring chaos to the mind.

Overall, this essay is organized from general to specific to connect the ideas in a coherent manner. Morrow begins his essay with the announcement of the general thesis, "The calm and clarity of . . . stabilized . . . and helped [] through the time." The medium of television is introduced as a counter-idea as it subverts reality in a discomforting manner and as a setup for the medium of reading. At this point in the essay, Morrow establishes his rationale specific reasons to support the choice of reading as a source of comfort in difficult times "to keep sane, to tough other intelligences, to absorb a little grace" for companionship. Examples and allusions to specific texts are given to support these reasons. In the end, Morrow encourages the reader to find his/her own texts or even a different medium to help one through times of distress in life.

In summary, Lance Morrow has used four different methods to achieve coherence by using transitions to connect his ideas, by using parallel structure to demonstrate how reading

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offers companionship, by echoing words to emphasize his ideas, and by organizing his ideas in a well formatted way.

In conclusion, Lance Morrow's essay "The Best Refuge for Insomniacs," is written to convince the reader of the comfort of prose that reading offers during difficult times, and to persuade the reader to find his or her own list of books. By using techniques of emphasis and coherence Morrow effectively explains the benefits that reading provides an individual.

Please note that this sample paper on The Best Refuge For Insomniacs is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Best Refuge For Insomniacs, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Best Refuge For Insomniacs will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Critical Tinking

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Critical Thinking is my life, its my philosophy of life. Its how I define myself... Im an educator because I think these ideas have meaning. Im convinced that what we believe in has to be able to stand the test of evaluation.

John Chaffee, author of Critical Thinking

Have you heard business executives, civic leaders, and educators talking about critical thinking, decision making and found yourself asking such reasonable questions as, "What is critical thinking?" "What is decision making?" "How they relate to each other?" "What are the benefits of critical thinking" "Are they present or absent at my work?" So have we. This essay looks at these questions

What is Critical thinking?

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"Critical thinking is the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment. This process reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria."

The APA Delphi Report,

Critical Thinking A Statement of Expert

Consensus for Purposes of Educational

Assessment and Instruction

10 ERIC Doc. NO. ED 15 4

Critical thinking as per the author of the book used in MGT 50, University of Phoenix, believes Critical thinking consists of an awareness of asset of interrelated critical questions, plus the ability and willingness to ask and answer them at appropriate times. While others like Robert H. Ennis, "Assumes that critical thinking is reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do, a critical thinker

1. Is open-minded and mindful of alternatives

. Tries to be well-informed

. Judges well the credibility of sources

4. Identifies conclusions, reasons, and assumptions

5. Judges well the quality of an argument, including the acceptability of its reasons, assumptions, and evidence

6. Can well develop and defend a reasonable position

7. Asks appropriate clarifying questions

8. Formulates plausible hypotheses; plans experiments well

. Defines terms in a way appropriate for the context

10. Draws conclusions when warranted, but with caution

11. Integrates all items in this list when deciding what to believe or do "

Everyone has their own belief about what is critical thinking? As per me I believe the critical thinking is

1. The process of asking questions

. Inquisitive

. Judicious

4. Analytical

5. Confident in Reasoning

6. Open minded

What is Decision making?

In dealing with most complex problems in todays work environment, there may be more than one good answer to a problem. The question then becomes one of picking the best answer; this is called decision-making.

According to the author of the MGT 50 Critical thing course, defines decision-making as -step process

1. Identifying the problem

. Defining criteria, goals and objectives

. Evaluate effect of the problem

4. Identify causes of the problem

5. Frame alternatives

6. Evaluate impacts of alternatives

7. Make the decision

8. Implement decision

. Measure Impacts

According to the authors of Whatever It Takes - The Realities of Managerial Decision Making, the six steps to critical thinking and decision making are

1. A problem is defined and isolated

. Information is gathered

. Alternatives are set forth

4. An end is established

5. Means are created to achieve the end

6. A choice is made.

The author's say when applied in todays business environment, the six steps are mostly ineffective because executive decision-making is not a series of single linier acts. It is the interference of many other factors (such as murky information, poor information input, and multiple problems intersecting) that makes scientific study of real-life decision-making difficult. (McCall & Kaplan, 10, pg xvii - xviii)

According to me Decision-making is the process of

1. Identifying the problem

. Gathering information

. Make the decision

4. Evaluating the decision

5. Implementing decision

6. Measuring Impact

How they relate to each other?

The relationship between critical thinking and decision-making is very important. Critical thinking is about analyzing an argument to find the deductions and conclusions for a subject. Once this is completed then people's decision can be correctly based on their personal preferences. Lets look at the following example

McCall and Kaplan (10) discuss dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima as an example of decision making. The question of whether or not to drop the atomic bomb on Japan was probably not weighed on its moral merits as much as it was based on its benefits, its deficits, and the necessity to the war effort. This same case, now that the event is history, can now be used as a critical thinking example. Today, the question could be posed Should we have dropped the atomic bomb on Japan? Did the benefits outweigh the loss of human life?

The leaders of the United States had a world changing decision to make. They weighed the pros and cons and all the facts they had and made the best decision they could. Posing this historical decision as a critical thinking problem we could state The United States was obligated to bomb Hiroshima. They did it to save lives, both American and Allied. Dropping the bomb prevented the Russians from learning of our atomic weapon capability. This further justified the means.

Benefits of the critical thinker

Critical thinking is an essential skill in todays business and personal environment as it allows us to think before we speak or make decisions, it helps to remove emotion from the equation and to make the proper decision based only on the facts.

Critical thinking seems to be more difficult than I imagined it would be. I seem to jump to the wrong conclusion too quickly. It is obvious to me that I am going to have to change the way I think about things to be a good critical thinker. I do believe that it will be beneficial for me to make the necessary changes to become a good critical thinker. Critical thinking skills will make anyone a better communicator. Finding the fallacies in deductions and the hidden or unspoken assumptions of arguments will allow anyone to communicate better.

At work it is present or absent

In my particular job as a Security Analyst, decision making and critical thinking go hand in hand. Analyzing complex security issues that cross multiple vendor platforms involves detailed, emotionless, unbiased decisions by the people involved in resolving the problem.

Occasionally, critical thinking never enters the equation. It never ceases to amaze me how people can become emotional and protective of their hardware or software. This emotional attachment prevents them from effectively troubleshooting. Even the suggestion that a problem could be caused by their equipment is taken as a personal affront. This close-mindedness often causes delays in security analysis.

Conclusion

It is my opinion that being open minded is the best tool an engineer or any person can have in his or her toolkit. Allowing oneself the time and energy needed for critical thinking will greatly enhance our personal and professional lives. Employing this valuable skill will enable us to have confidence in our decisions and beliefs, as we will know that we have thoroughly thought our decisions and opinions through.

Reference

http//www.calpress.com/pdf_files/what&why.pdf

http//www.criticalthinking.com/articles.html

McCall, M. W., & Kaplan, R. E. (10). Whatever It Takes - The Realities of Managerial

Dision Making (nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall.

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Who is Emily Grierson and why does she act the way that she does?

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Who is Emily Grierson and why does she act the way that she does?

William Faulkner's 'A Rose for Emily' is a wonderfully written short story of the life of Emily Grierson. To understand this eerie tale we must not only try to understand Emily, but we also must try to understand her upbringing and her setting. In this story the setting becomes more than place or time, it becomes one of the main characters. In this paper I would like to clarify who exactly Emily Grierson is and why she carries out the actions that she does.

Who is Emily Grierson? To me, and I'm sure many others, Emily is a woman stuck in time, constrained by her surroundings and her upbringings. To truly understand Emily we must look at her upbringing by her father and at her surroundings.

Emily was brought up in the town of Jefferson, Mississippi. She was brought up in the Confederate era where her family name, Grierson, was very highly recognized. Emily was watched by the whole town, I suppose that they expected her to act in certain ways and to uphold certain values held by her fellow aristocracy. The town watched, debated, and analyzed her every move. They had their own idea of who she was and what they wanted her to be. I think that in a way she needed to uphold the beliefs of her upbringing to please the general public. Along with the setting of the town, we also have the setting of time. Even though perhaps in Emily's mind nothing has changed, the times have changed immensely. The world was very different from the time of her upbringing. Instead of a divided North and South with strong Southern aristocracy, there was now an awkward union of the North and South. Whether Emily knew it or not, the Southern aristocracy of the past was dying, perhaps even dead.

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We must next look into her upbringing in different terms; not in terms of where she was raised, but by whom she was raised by. The most powerful influence over her was her father, who held an incredible amount of power over her. This is symbolized by Faulkner in the following line; "Emily a slender woman in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip." He does in fact control her and probably every aspect of her life, including her love life. He never allows her to date anyone, as it is most likely that no one is near good enough for Emily Grierson. I feel that due to this constant control over her by her father that she begins to feel somewhat, for lack of a better word, comfortable and soothed by a constant male figure. I think she grew accustomed to this and therefore would always need someone, avoiding loneliness at all costs. I think that Emily grew to believe that a man has to play some significant role in her life.

We then must move onto our next topic, perhaps the next chapter in Emily's life; the bond that she shared with Homer Barron. I think that there are many people who don't see eye to eye on many matters of this topic, but I think that Homer was gay. Simply stated, he liked men, and to me it is the duty of the reader to take that literally as it seems to give the story more logic. Homer was Emily's first boyfriend; after all, her father never let her date. As stated before, no one was ever good enough for Emily. Why did Emily choose Homer to be with though? He was a Yankee, a Northerner, and a worker or "day laborer" to boot. How could a Grierson be interested of someone of that sort? Well to me she would first of all do anything to avoid being alone and without a male figure in her life, and finally there was simply no one else left. All the men considered good enough for her had long since been turned away by her father, had lost interest, or had gone on to marry someone else.

At the close of the story we learn that Emily has seemingly killed Homer and has kept his body for about 40 years. I feel that there are multiple possible motives as well as, dare shall I say, accomplices?

One possibility is that to Emily and to other Southern aristocracy, the uniting of the North and South was not the way the world was meant to be. It was odd in the first place that Emily was 'dating' a Northerner. It could NEVER be tolerated that a Northerner would not want to be with Emily, and would want to leave her. Emily then had to kill Homer to save face for the Grierson name as well as all remaining Southern aristocracy. She absolutely had to maintain her status at all costs.

However on the exact flip side of that, I thought that maybe her love for Homer was absolutely pure and true. What if also her love for her upbringing and for the Southern aristocracy was just as pure and as true? How embarrassing it would be for Emily to be seen by another member of Southern aristocracy with a Northerner. Can you imagine the embarrassment in marrying one? So maybe she then had to kill Homer as it was the only way to be with her 'Yankee.'

Another 'theory' of why she killed Homer was simply because she was never allowed to have a man before. Now that she has a man why in the heck would she ever want to let him go? I don't think that she ever even thought of letting him go as a possibility. Homer was perhaps her only chance at true happiness. She couldn't let go, and therefore killing Homer was the only way to make sure she kept her man forever.

Back to the idea of the setting being a character in the story, did Miss Emily kill Homer because she was ultimately so molded by her surroundings? Did the setting mold her every thought and action? Perhaps in the end, by Homer's death, the town got what it wanted. After all, none of the people seemed in the least bit surprised by the discovery of the body.

My last idea is that she simply had to kill Homer to avoid being lonely. After the death of her father maybe Emily can not imagine ever having to be alone again. So she then had to kill Homer to avoid loneliness as she would have no one else left to be with.

Now here is my explanation of the 'accomplices.' Now, from reading and interrupting the story we can assume that Emily has killed Homer with the rat poison that she bought at the store. She did after all want "the best you have. I don't care what kind." (Faulkner, A Rose for Emily) Now I feel that the town is partly to blame for Homer's death; the town then becoming my accomplices. Who else besides a Grierson would be allowed to walk into a store and demand poison without a reason for buying it? I think that the town still held the past traditions up in some fashion. I think that the townspeople were, without knowing, manipulated by their strong nostalgia. In the story it is also stated that "A neighbor saw the Negro man admit him at the kitchen door at dusk one evening. And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron. And of Miss Emily for some time." (Faulkner, A Rose for Emily) We can then connect that passage with the earlier passage when about the awful smell emitting from her house. We should then connect that this was several years after her father's death, around the same time of Miss Emily's fling with Homer. The townspeople should have questioned Homer's disappearance.

I feel that by keeping Homer's body, she had once again tried to cling to that which had once again robbed her; just as she tried to do with her father for days.

I will now go through some more elements of Emily as a person. Does this sad murder result from her strict adherence to her 'high society' upbringing? I strongly feel that Emily is unable to see the way that the world really is. I think that she is not only not able to see all the changes that her atmosphere went through, but I think that she CAN'T see or understand how much the world around her has really changed. When she tells the men that she doesn't have to pay taxes because of a verbal agreement made between past generations, she then still assumes that her name means something. She is completely oblivious to the fact that it has come to mean almost nothing. At come points in the story it is so easy to feel pity for her, as it also seems that the narrator feels the same way (for example always stating 'poor Emily.') We pity her loneliness and at the same time we cringe in disgust at the grossness of the smell of her house.

So who is Miss Emily? Is she crazy? Is the whole mess a romantic tragedy? I don't think that anyone will ever know. I think like many subjective elements of this story it will remain one of the mysteries left to each individual reader.

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Importance Of Leadership in Organisations

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INTRODUCTION

There is explicit connection between management and leadership quality and economic performance - the link between the two should be tracked over time in order to achieve continuous progress.

An effective organizational leadership accounts for most of the success stories of business firms and companies worldwide. Much of a company's success or failure rests on the kind of management capability and strategy that a company employs. However, an alarming report by the Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership found out that, "supply of and demand for management and leadership capability in the UK finds that current management and business leadership development is a dysfunctional system, and that the UKs economic performance is being held back by a shortage of appropriate and practical leadership skills" (Council for Excellence in Management & Leadership).

The report is the culmination of two years of wide-ranging consultation and analysis across the UKs public and private sectors and the professions. It says that while there is a consensus that good management and leadership skills are pivotal to quality of performance, investment, productivity and delivery of service in all enterprises, these business-enhancing capabilities are not as widespread as they should be in the UK.

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The UK market shows that retailing is the UKs top service sector industry, employing around .4 million people in the UK. Its turnover rose from just over 80 billion in 184 to 175 billion in 18. With the continuing development of cross-border franchising, some of the UKs world-class companies have seen considerable success in overseas markets, particularly in Central Europe. Overseas outlets of UK stores provide excellent shop windows for UK products. Many retailers are expanding internationally and in a variety of ways including franchising, acquisition and joint ventures (www.tradepartners.gov.uk).

Another sector that is fast growing and is considered to be one of the three largest sectors in UK is the management consultation business. There are estimated to be between 0,000 and 5,000 management consultants in the UK. Annual turnover by the UKs management consultancy firms is around 5.5 billion, of which exports account for 1 billion. The bulk of international work by UK firms is in Europe, but as most export work is both market and client led, there are also opportunities in the emerging economies of Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, India and China, and especially in the fast-growing energy, insurance and electronics sectors. There is also continued demand for UK consultancy overseas - e.g. project management, and assisting governments implement deregulation/privatisation programmes (www.tradepartners.gov.uk).

This study will attempt to tackle the strategy, issues and challenges faced on organizational leadership by two retail firms and one management consultancy company. A comparative analysis between the three firms will be discussed in the context of their success in expanding and growing domestically and internationally. Further, this paper will work on the hypothesis that organizational leadership leads to faster company growth.

Conceptual Framework

This paper will use the comparative approach in determining, analyzing and evaluating the organizational leadership methods of three companies. The comparative approach will substantially explain the differences/similarities, strengths/weaknesses and explain the causes of such.

This paper will specifically use three companies as case studies, all of which is based in the UK

A major part of the retail industry, worth over 100 billion. Although still primarily selling food, the largest companies are diversifying into non-food products. Nine retailers account for around 60% of sales

16.5% Tesco - Tesco has some 700 stores. Its e-retailing arm, Tesco.com was promoted heavily some four years ago and currently receives 70,000 orders per week, over 50% of online grocery sales in the UK. It is currently working with a leading US supermarket to deliver groceries in California. The team overseeing its development is based at the firm's headquarters in Welwyn Garden City. Analytical skills are particularly sought for head office roles, as opposed to team working and leadership skills for store-based positions.

.1% Waitrose - Waitrose is the food arm of the John Lewis Partnership, with 16 stores, mostly in the South of England. Employees are partners, which means they receive a share of the profits each year and contribute to the decision-making process. Waitrose has acquired a 40% stake in Ocado, to provide an internet service to its customers.The Red Bridge Consultancy is a modern communications company. It provides creative thinking, considered advice and high quality writing and design for on- and offline internal and external communications. The company was created by Mike Hooker, a graphic designer, and Paul Wigmore, an ex-Fleet Street journalist. They first established their professional working relationship, and their mutual love of stodgy puddings and custard, when they ran the award-winning design and publishing unit for a top London PR consultancy.

These three companies will be instrumental in the findings and conclusion of this paper.

Statement of the Problem

An effective organizational leadership has been the goal of almost all companies in order to maximize their resources not only in terms of financial capital but also human and customer-valuation capital. Furthermore, growth is highly dependent on this factor.

This paper seeks to answer the following questions

1. What are the different strategies, methods and plans of Tesco, Waitrose and Red Bridge Consultancy in dealing with organizational leadership?

. How are these three companies able to come up with these organizational strategies? What are the improvements/changes from the companies' previous strategies?

. How significant are the differences of strategy between the three firms taken in the context of the nature of their businesses, in relation to their success (profitability and long-term investments) and in expanding globally?

4. How can organizational leadership affect the company in general and how potent is it in guaranteeing the success of the company?

Hypothesis

This paper works on the following hypothesis

1. Organisational Leadership is directly proportional to the growth (share of the market) of a company

. Conversely, the decline of a company is inversely proportional to organizational leadership

. Effective organizational leadership has a significant correlation to economic growth

Scope and Delimitation

This paper will only cover the three UK-based companies Tesco, Waitrose and Red Bridge Consultancy in the discussion and analysis of organizational leadership. The conclusions derived from this study are limited to the three companies studied and generalizations inferred will be based on the information from these findings. Review of Related Literature will be limited to scholarly works from 10 to the present; however, sources on the theoretical framework will be exempted. Data will be primarily contained on the selected firms used for the study.

Significance of the Study

This research seeks to contribute on the growing literature on organizational leadership by using case study as the primary source of data and by using a comparative analysis on the three companies based in UK. Moreover, the need for stronger management and leadership abilities will increase as the pace of change heats up, and as consumers and other stakeholders demand better performance, from professional practitioners as well as major corporations and the public sector. The implication is that much of the money spent on management training - both in the public and private sectors and in the professions - has little impact on outputs. Thus, according to the report, the MBA degree has succeeded as a qualification but has not necessarily developed future leaders. As a complement to more formal business education, the report lays emphasis on the value of informal development and mentoring practices, as an additional means of assisting time-poor entrepreneurs, in both larger and smaller companies, in their search for practical and relevant management skills (Council for Excellence in Management & Leadership, 00).

This paper will reconcile the importance of a formal training in the schools and private practice by discussing the personalities behind the three companies. This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive description and analysis of the organizational methods and strategies of firms, the factors for employing such methods, the relationship of growth and organizational leadership and its impact on the economy.

SOURCES

Council for Excellence in Management & Leadership, Management and Leadership in the UK, 14 May, 00

www.tradepartners.org.uk

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San fran music

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The history of popular music contains many ruptures "to existing styles and genre's. Compare and contrast two such periods of "new music", paying particular regard to the factors which bring about such musical change. Your examination should consider the areas of musical influences, social relationships, technology, marketing, media and audiences.

Popular music evolves from the bottom up. It is nearly always pushed forward or re-defined, from within the underground and the alternative segments of society. New musical movements tend to bubble away benaeath the surface of mainstream society until I they can no longer be ignored. Breathing new air into what was once a climate of safe radio friendly songs supporting the staus quo. Rythum and blues in one form or another had been a tradional folk music of Black Americans of rock for as long as Black Americans had been brought to America as slaves. It was this music that eventually influenced and redefined music as we know it today. Creating what we now as Rock and Roll. "The rhythm and blues….laid the foundation for Elvis, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones , Led Zepplin, the Sex Pistols and most other rock and roll groups"

The birth of Rock has undoubtebly been the largest transformation of Popular music. However within Rock there have also been massive amounts of ruptures and emergence of new music.

Two of these ruptures have been the acid rock/ pscycadllia movement of San Francisco in the late sixties and conversely the Punk Movement of England in the mid-seventies. Although worlds apart in their music their beliefs and their look, both sub-cultures began as an underground movement that started small but grew to capture the worlds imagination. Both were rebelling, although in completely different ways, to the staus quo. Both set about to bring about a change within not only music but general society. Althgough both sub cultures influence was much ;larger than music, creating a lifestyle it was that was the rudimenrty element, the catalyst for the movement.

Within this essay I will look at how both these 'new' musical movements came into being. How they were influnced by other movments. How their cultural and social environment shaped them. How the dealt with and effected both their audience/fans and the mainstream media and wider society.

The seed of a new movement is always ispirartion, either the inspiratrion to be like something or the inspiration to be different from something. The Punk the Hippy movement both had their own forms musical inspiration which they drew from and approarited in varying degrees. Conversely both had an established musical style in which to rebel and polarize themselves against.

In the early 160's America's charts had been awash with the new flavour of British Rock. Bands like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Gerry and the Pacemakers and the Hollies had dominated sales. Although many of these bands would soon later go on to sing more deeply lyrically at the time the ideas expressed were very light weight. With the Vietnam War being waged and the use of drugs increasing many were becoming more politically yearned for a different type of music, a music that involved ideas of drug use free love and anti-esatablishment. As Grace Slick put it we beatles hold your hand.

Like the hippies the Punks also rebelled against the established music at the time however unlike the hippy movement their rebellion was to re-simplfy the music "to an earlier age wher rockers had more exuberance than ability" Dancing in the Street) As Johhny Rotten (Dacing in the Street). To bring back music to it's roots with a simple beat and lyrics that could be that were sharp and to the point. (put it mainstream early seventies music was "Nothing but pompus stadium rock for snobby university students, there was nothing for Joe Bloggs in the street". At the time the music industry was dominated by bands with a large amount of musical knowledge and expertise making far out of reach for a young teenager to form a band and live the rock star dream. The music was musically complicated and the lyrics mostly irrelevant to the dis enfranchised youth. Joe Strummer of the Clash said "I felt musicans were a world apart a secret society I could never join so I didn't bother to try until I was to old" (175 )Stazmary.

The acid hippy movement drew on a number of predecssors for inspiration.

Many of the musicans had been involved in the folk music. Like Hippy music the more earnest folk scene had been hostile to the establishment. Many of these ideas were carried on and directly influenced the new style of music. Gerry Garcia of of the longest serving acid rock bands, the grateful dead, commented on the influence stating, "Here on the west coast, the guys that are into rock and roll music have mostly come up like I have through folk music" (118 Stazmary). Acid music also used more rock and roll and bluesy styles. "unlike the mild mannered drone of Dylan these reborn folkies ampliefied their message glass shattering levels"(118 Stazmary)

In the 50's San Francisco had been one of the many homes to the Beat largely a lierary movemenmt that lived a bohemian existence and was fed up with the bordem of mainstream living. There ideals of spirituality and their use of drugs beacmae a dominant feature of the hippy lifestyle . A number of key beat writers were to heavily influence the scene. Allen Ginsberg was an organizer of 'Human Be in' in Golden Gate Park in 167. a huge musical and poerty festival. While perhaps more importantly Ken Kesy a beat writer was responsible for the Kool Aid Acid Test which practically introduced San Francisico to LSD.

Both drugs used by the two scenes seem to characterize and illustrate a number of differences to the two. Acid and Marajuana were the drugs of choice for the hippies it was a major factor and influence on the scene. "drugs were seen as a search for enlightment and an escapre from the oppressive elements of straight society" (11, Frielander). As Bass player for Big Brother and the holding company said most people "came to be hippies through drugs" (Dancing in the street). Drugs also influenced the way the audianced listened and responed to the music. As seen in the the Human Be ins the musicans wanted to break down the distinction between the audience and the band. The idea was for the band and the audience alike to take a voyage of self discovery together, it was a drug induced intellectual experience. The Punk movement on the other hand into was more into heroin and amphetamines, more of a physical than a mind altering drug. Rarther trying to create a communal environment for the audience the Punks set to directly confront and shock. John Lydons icy stares would attempt to put the audience on edge and on a number of occasions he urinated on the crowd. An article describing a Sex Pistols show stated "Rotten just hangs from the Mike stand rips open a can of beer and burns the crowd with taunting, cynical eyes….he looks like an anphetmine corpse"( Chambers 180).

Unlike the spiritual journey taken by fans of bands like Greatful Dead and Jefferson Airplane. Punk, characterized by the pogo dance, had a more physical interaction with the audience. "Punks attention to the Human frame, singualry concentrated in it's abrasive vocal and instrunmnetal encounter …..back towards the ambiguities of the body"

the English Punks found their inspiration oversee's. For them it was the New York sound of the Patti Smith Televison and the Ramones The idea of simplistic music was taken from new York and added upon. . Malcom Mc Alren (Dancing in the streets) tells of how he brought back the fashions their ideas and most importantly their style of music back to London where he opned a shop entitled sex selling the pvc rubber clothes made famous by the punks. The shop became a hang out for as he put it "the dispoceesed fans …who were looking for their own music"

And dispocessed they were, Between 174 and 177 the unemployment rate shot up 10 per cent. For many it deffinatley seemed like there was 'no future'. "It was the marganalised vestmentsthe lumpen proatetariet" (Chambers 181) that punk first appealed to.

The hippies however were as Hunter S. Thompson said were white and voluntarily poor they had all gone to college o

The hippies were focused on becming creating a world of beauty

Were from the underclass lumnpen. Not university unemployment

Body movment

The main influences on the psycadelic movement of the sixties are the folk scene and rythum and blues and the folk movement. Geery Garcia's quote. Beat generation and Rythum and blues combnation of them all.

What they wanted to be like musically.

"Detoiating British econmy" 175 rocking in time.

San fran had always been ecdcentric.

London poor

Genre's had both of these. Hippies were inspiring against pretty love songs Grace slick. Punks against mass produced rock shows that had become boring.

Hi[[ies influenced by beat folk, ryhum blues. Took the folk sentiment and added noisy gitars. Quote from Gerry Garcia.

Punk influnced by new york. Patti Smith.

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Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness paper right on time.

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Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness

GSL 60

Melissa Blankenship

Fit, equifinality, and organizational effectiveness A test was written by D. Harold Doty, William H. Glick and George P. Huber in the Academy of Management Journal in December 1. The research was configurational which is a relative arrangement of parts or elements, or the results from a particular arrangement of parts or components. Both theories were tested to see if in anyway equifinality could be found. Equifinality is defined as having the same affect or result from different events or conditions in which different initial conditions lead to similar effects.

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The article focused on two organizational theories of strategy, structure, and process. The first being Miles and Snow's (178) theory based on and in-depth cross industry study of a relatively small sample of large companies. The theory that Snow and Miles developed was that there are three superior performing business types and all others were average or less than average. Miles and Snow's theory holds that in order to be superior, there must be a clear and direct match between the organization's mission, the organization's strategies, and the organization's functional strategies. These are the organization's mission/values, their basic strategic set, and their characteristics and behaviors. Miles and Snow grouped their theory into types, which are Defenders, Prospectors, Analyzers, and Reactors. Defenders are organizations that focus on only one product or service, and ignore developments outside of its domain. Defenders are organizations that focus on only on product or service. Prospectors are organizations, which, almost continually search for market opportunities, thus causing their competitors to respond to the change that they create. Analyzers are organization's which operate in

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two types of product-market domains, one relatively stably, the other changing. Reactors are organizations in which top management perceive change and uncertainty occurring in their organization, but are unable to respond effectively. Reactors seldom make changes unless forced to do so by environmental pressures.

The second organization theory that Doty, Glick, and Huber tested was Henry Mintzberg's Five Basic Parts of an Organization. Mintzberg grouped his theory in to parts and not into types as Miles and Snow had in their organizational theory. At the bottom of Mintzberg's theory were the operating cores, which are the accounting, purchasing, and receivables departments with one manager. Mintzberg's next basic part was the middle line manager, which is in charge of executing the organization's mission. When organizations grow too large for one manager to handle all of its employee's this created the middle line, which is the manager of managers. On each side of the Middle Line are Techno structure, which would be an organizations computer center, and Support Staff, which is an organizations Human Resources. At the top of Mintzbergs five basic Parts of an Organization was the Apex, which would be the President or CEO.

I could not find any bias on the part of the authors. The research done on the test of the two theories was followed accordingly to the structural design of research methodology.

I agree with the authors main theme of the research, whoever there was several methods used that I had a hard time understanding. When Mintzberg's Five Basic Parts of an Organization was tested I reflected back to Dubrin when he stated that if an

organization strives to achieve their mission and goals then they must look at their structural design to determine if it is serving the organizations purpose to its fullest extent, and it must have an effective leader. DuBrin (001) described a working definition of an effective leader as an individual who through his actions with group members help attain productivity, quality, and satisfaction.

Mintzberg theory if much like the line and staff structure, which refers to the basic person boss relationship, or chain of command that extends from top to bottom of an organization On its most basic level organizational design is the design of dividing up work and assigning resources in such a way as to create value. The first component to a good organization is its most important resource, the people who make up the organization and their leadership style. However, within every organization whether formal or informal, people are still the main ingredient, and each organization has boundaries, or guidelines, that must be followed. These guidelines give structure to any organization. This structure identified how individuals were grouped into departments, and how departments fit into the organization as a whole. Organizational structure may be defined as a network of relationships that exist among various positions and position holders. Structural designs may include formal hierarchy of authority as well as rules and procedures and other planned attempts to regulate behavior. Formal structure can have a positive impact on morale when it helps us get our work done. It has a negative impact when it gets in our way or simply makes it easier for management to control us (Bolman and Deal 17). Hierarchical structures consist of vertical dimension of differentiated

levels of authority and responsibility. To determine which structure is best for an organization there are various contextual factors that help to determine which structure will work best, size of the organization, technology the organization possesses, and the environment that the organization originated. Size being the most powerful predictor of structure and formalization. Size also leads to greater difficulty for centralized control; therefore, it leads to decentralization, which needs a larger administrative staff. Organizations are also dependant on their environment. If an organization strives to achieve their mission and goals then they must look at their structural design to determine if it is serving the organizations purpose to its fullest extent.

Miles and Snow's theory of Organizational Types was similar to that of Osland, Klob and Rubis's (001) change process, which stated, "The first step is to determine the organization's readiness for change. Is a change necessary and who perceives this need? (Pg 47). Osland, Kolb and Rubin used the formula C= (D x S x P) X, which explained that C=change, D=dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs or status quo, S=and identifiable and desired end state, P=a practical plan for achieving the desired end state, and X=the cost of change to the organization. Miles and Snow's theory broke organizations into types of organizations that were either effective or less than average.

My impression of this article to the study of strategic leadership is I felt that it was very hard to understand. There may be other people in this program that could have understood this article better than I did. This is only my opinion but would not recommend this article for future MSSL classes, too much in depth mumbo jumbo for me.

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Bibliography

Bolman, Lee G., & Deal, Terrence E. (17). Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice and Leadership. (nd ed.) San Francisco Jossey-Bass.

DuBrin, Andrew J. (001). Leadership Research Findings, Practices, and Skills.

Boston Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company.

Please note that this sample paper on Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Fit, Equifinality, and Organizational Effectiveness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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For the period before 1750 analyze the way in which salutary neglect influenced American society as illustrated by the following: Legislative Assembly, Commerce, and Religion.

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US AP History

-18-0

For the period before 1750 analyze the way in which salutary neglect influenced American society as illustrated by the following Legislative Assembly, Commerce, and Religion.

Since the arrival of the first colonials in America, alienation was created between the mother country and its colonies. The colonies became the experiments of the mother countries to produce new markets and sources of raw materials. During the 17th and 18th century, many of the European powers were involved with costly wars which occupied most of their time. The colonies were basically left to rule themselves during this time of warfare. The colonials soon became resentful of their position in the empire and realized their new found independence. Nearly 150 years of European neglect on America urged independent colonial governments which supported unique financial systems and religious ideologies.

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The constant warfare during the 17th and 18th century left the colonials to create unique legislative assemblies which controlled their territories. The English government granted land to eight proprietors which had control over the land known as Carolina. One of these proprietors, Anthony Ashley Cooper, hired John Locke to create a representative government. The neglect caused by England provided the opportunity for the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina to create a legislative body. This body could regulate taxes and laws even thou they were subordinate to the King. This achievement showed the individual thinking of the colonials to have self-rule. Independent legislative bodies also were born in New York and New Jersey due to the neglect by England. The Duke of York controlled New York and the area known as New Jersey. He decided to give New Jersey to his dear friend, Lord Berkley. Lord Berkeley allowed the colonials to create a legislative body which sparked a drive for self rule in the colony. The colonials began to push their power in the assembly from the absence of English control which led Lord Berkeley to sell his land off to William Penn. The New Yorkers saw the colonials in New Jersey push for a legislative body. New Yorkers achieved complete control over their colony when Leisler took over the government. This was only short lived. The neglect on America allowed William Penn to create Frame of Government for his Pennsylvania and Delaware colonies. The unicameral body was the first of its kind and looked as a product of Colonial America. This legislative body held more power then the governor. This legislative body had the rights to control taxes and laws in the area. This achievement showed that colonials were beginning to have self-rule. The crown did little to interfere with decisions made by the legislative bodies of any of the colonies. In New England, the legislative bodies fought hard to have self-rule. The power of the assembly eventually out weighted the English authorities in the colonies. The body began to pass laws that contradicted the English. Boston became self ruled after removing Andros from office. They passed laws that suppressed the rights of Anglicans which was the official religion of England. These assemblies eventually had the power to gather an army and order these troops into battle. The neglect by England on the colonies caused the colonials to react by creating legislative assemblies that took over the role of control while England fought in many wars.

With no support from the motherland, the colonials had to make unique financial systems. The major economic view during this time of neglect in America was Mercantilism. The mercantilists in the colonies knew the English restrictions on trade only hurt the colonies and England. The neglect on the colonies made the Navigation Acts and Staple Acts ineffective. American sailors made illegal shipments to foreign ports in the Caribbean and Europe. This form of making money of illegal trading became known as the smuggling system. The colonies survived from smuggling because the English markets could not support all the goods being created in America so 80% of their exports went to the West Indies. Also the colonies were pushed into smuggling because the heavy taxation from English merchants caused colonies to lose most of their profits. The colonies also had 50% of their imports coming in from the West Indies. The neglect on the colonies influenced other methods of obtaining income. Many poor Virginians moved to the Carolinas to grow rice. Rice became the new cash crop for southern farmers. The English government did not help the colonials so many had to get involved with fur trading. In New York, the colonial merchants learned capitalism from the Dutch. These merchants created markets in Amsterdam to sell many of the surpluses such as timber and tar which the Dutch needed to build boats. The colonies developed into a major ship building industry. The lack of English authority in the colonies allowed foreigners to purchase the New England boats. The lack of control over taxes by the English allowed colonials to change taxes to suit their economic means.

The Anglican Church's strong hold of England held little power in America. The Neglect on the colonies influenced resentment of anything that was involved with England. In religious matters, the Anglican Church received the greatest criticism. The New England colonies were they most intolerant of other religions in America. The Puritan Church which basically ruled the government passes laws to suppress Anglicans. They lost the right to serve in government and vote. The Puritans began to have witch trails in Salem in 16. The neglect on the colonies may have caused these trails to exists. Many independent women were killed because they were thought to be witched. The Puritan way of life gradually started ease when the Great Awakening came to New England. The American born generation of Puritans, who grew up in the time of neglect, wanted a religion that was more tolerant and less severe as the Puritans. Many new sects such as the Baptist and Methodist grew from the Great Awakening. This was one of the first true American experiences that was only experienced in America. This shows the independence and individual thought of the colonials. A very American value was influenced by the neglect of England which was toleration. Many of the colonials fleed England because the Anglican Church was suppressing them. Even thou many colonials hated the Anglican Church; they still were tolerate on them in America. Colonies such as Carolina, New York, and Pennsylvania were very tolerate of other religions. The mix of cultures and religions in the colonies and with the lack of English authority, religious toleration grew. In Pennsylvania many new sects of Protestants flourished such as the Quakers. The Quakers were persecuted in England and had the opportunity to grow in America. These Quakers developed radical beliefs of not fighting and not paying taxes to support the Anglican Church. America was the best place to get away from the Anglican Church. The religious atmospheres in the different colonies were affected by the absence of English Authority in the colonies.

As colonials became self aware of their independence, their own voices were beginning to develop. They made legislative assemblies that fought to get control over their own colonies. With the limit amount of commerce in the English Empire, the colonials had to find new ways of finding income. They found this through smuggling and experimenting with new crops such as rice. With the absence of an imposed government by the English, colonials had many different religions in every colony. Many of these colonies became tolerant while others became just as intolerant as the Anglican Church. Nearly 150 years of European neglect on America created independent colonial governments which supported their own unique financial systems and religious atmospheres.

Please note that this sample paper on For the period before 1750 analyze the way in which salutary neglect influenced American society as illustrated by the following: Legislative Assembly, Commerce, and Religion. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on For the period before 1750 analyze the way in which salutary neglect influenced American society as illustrated by the following: Legislative Assembly, Commerce, and Religion., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on For the period before 1750 analyze the way in which salutary neglect influenced American society as illustrated by the following: Legislative Assembly, Commerce, and Religion. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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